Perceived Benefits and Challenges of Integrating Lead Farmers into Tanzania’s Agricultural Extension System: A Case of Kagera Region

Abstract

This study examined the perceived benefits and challenges associated with integrating Lead Farmers (LFs) into the government agricultural extension system in Tanzania, using Kagera Region as a case study. The continued shortage of extension officers in rural areas has prompted the use of the LFs model, which has mainly been introduced by non-governmental organisations and donor-supported projects to enhance peer-to-peer learning among farmers. Despite its growing relevance at the grassroots level, the model remains informal and has not been fully institutionalised within the national extension framework. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Respondents included smallholder farmers, extension personnel, NGO representatives, researchers, and local leaders. The findings revealed high levels of awareness and positive perceptions of LFs, particularly in terms of their role in promoting improved agricultural practices, enhancing farmer-to-farmer learning, and expanding access to relevant information. However, key challenges were identified, including irregular interaction with farmers, lack of official recognition, limited logistical and technical support, and weak coordination between actors. The study calls for deliberate policy and institutional efforts to formalise the integration of LFs into the public extension system. Key areas of action include developing clear operational guidelines, improving training and supervision systems, ensuring adequate facilitation and incentives, and strengthening collaboration between government institutions and non-state actors involved in agricultural extension