Factors Contributing to the Escalation of Feminine Entrepreneurs in Tanzania: A Case of Mwanza City
Abstract
The study aimed at exploring the examined factors contributing to the escalation of feminine entrepreneurs in Tanzania specifically in Mwanza city. One hundred and eighty (180) women were selected from four wards, namely Kirumba, Mirongo, Buhongwa, and Pasiansi using the purposive random sampling technique. The range of their ages was between 20 and 60 years. A cross-sectional design was adopted. The questionnaires and focus group discussion were adopted as methods of data collection in this study. Results of the study show that there are numerous factors that escalate the increase of feminine entrepreneurs in Mwanza city which include access to capital, education, political influence, social network, peace and security, the legitimacy of entrepreneurship, the need for lifetime achievement and development, livelihood diversification and family planning. These factors play a noteworthy role in influencing women's entrepreneurship. Other factors such as skills in entrepreneurship and internal motivation and creativity, social factors, and psychological factors were also discovered as the main factors behind the influence of women to join entrepreneurship. The study concludes that women engaged as entrepreneurs need to be assisted with the fundamental skills required establishing and running a successful business venture. The study recommends that the gender roles policy is not fully implemented, that is why there are still some jobs termed as for men and others for women.
Downloads
References
Acs, Z. J., Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T., &Szerb, L. (2018). Entrepreneurship, institutional economics, and economic growth: an ecosystem perspective. Small Business Economics, 51(2), 501–514.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0013-9
Babalola, S. S. (2009). Women entrepreneurial innovative behavior: The role of psychological capital. International Journal of Business Management, 4(11), 45–76.
Busunzu, M (2016) Impact of Prepaid Metering System on TANESCO Customers in Tanzania. A Case of Mwanza City. Unpublished Dissertation submitted to the Institute of Finance Management
Coduras, A., Levie,J., Kelley, D.J., Saemundsson, J.R.,& Schott, T.(2010). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Special Report: A Global Perspective on Entrepreneurship Education and Training. Global Entrepreneurship Research Association. Wellesley, MA
Creswell, J. (2012), Educational Research. New Jersey, Pearson Education Inc
Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of business venturing, 18(3), 301-331.
Delmar, F., & Davidson, P. (2000). Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 12(1), 1–23.
Dimaggio, P.J.& Powell, W.W. (1983). The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism
Drori, I.; Honig, B. (2013). A Process Model of Internal and External Legitimacy. Organ. Stud. 34, 345– 376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840612467153
Dioneo-Adetayo, E. A. (2006). Factors Influencing Attitude of Youth Towards Entrepreneurship. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 13(1-2), 127- 145.
European Commission (2012). Entrepreneurship in the EU and beyond; Flash Euro barometer No 354, (http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/ fl_354_en.pdf).
Fini, R., Grimaldi, R., Marzocchi, G. L., & Sobrero, M. (2009). Foundation of Entrepreneurial intention. http://www2. druid.dk/conferences/viewpaper.php?id=5955&cf=32
Galindo, M. A. & Ribeiro, D. (2012). Women entrepreneurship and economics: new perspectives, practices and policies. Springer, New York
Gilley, B. (2009). The right to rule: How states win and lose legitimacy. New York: Columbia University Press.
Greenwood, R., Suddaby, R., &Hinings, C. (2002). Theorising change: The role of professional associations in the transformation of institutionalised fields. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 58–80.
Henry, C., Foss, L., & Ahl, H. (2016). Gender and entrepreneurship research: A review of methodological approaches. International Small Business Journal, 34(3), 217–241
Hofstede, G. (1980).Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills CA: Sage Publications.
Johnson, C., Dowd, T. J., & Ridgeway, C.L. (2006). Legitimacy as a social process. Annual Review of Sociology, 32, 53–78.
Johansen, V., & Schanke, T. (2013). Entrepreneurship education in secondary education and training. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 57(4), 357-36.
Kautonen, T., Down, S., & Minniti, M. (2014). Ageing and entrepreneurial preferences. Small Business Economics, 42(3), 579-594.
Kelley, D. J., Bosma, N., &Amoros, J. E. (2010). Global entrepreneurship monitor: 2010 global report. Santiago: Universidad del Desarrollo, Babson College.
Khajeheian, D. (2014). A perspective on media entrepreneurship policy: Globalisation of knowledge and the opportunities for developing economies. Journal of Globalization Studies, 5(2), 174-187.
Khajeheian, D. (2017). Media entrepreneurship: A consensual definition. AD-minister, (30), 91-113.
Khajeheian, D. (2017). Media entrepreneurship: A consensual definition. AD-Minister, 30, 91–113. doi:10.17230/ ad-minister.30.5
Khan, R. U., Salamzadeh, Y., Shah, S. Z. A., & Hussain, M. (2021). Factors affecting women entrepreneurs' success: a study of small-and medium-sized enterprises in emerging market of Pakistan. Journal of innovation and entrepreneurship, 10(1), 1-21.
Kibler, E., Kautonen, T., & Fink, M. (2014). Regional social legitimacy of entrepreneurship: Implications for entrepreneurial intention and start-up behaviour. Regional Studies, 48 (6), 995-1015.
Kirkwood, J. (2009). Motivational factors in a push-pull theory of entrepreneurship. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 24(5), 346-364.
Koe, W.-L., Sa'ari, J. R., Majid, I. A., & Ismail, K. (2012). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention Among Millennial Generation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, 197-208.
Lawrence, T, Suddaby, R., & Leca, B. (2011). Institutional work: Refocusing institutional studies of organisation. Journal of Management Inquiry, 20, 52–5
Lévesque, M.& Minniti, M. (2006). The Effect of Ageing on Entrepreneurial behaviour. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(2), 177-194.
Lim, Y. J., Osman, A., Salahuddin, S. N., Romle, A. R.& Abdullah, S. (2016). Factors Influencing Online Shopping Behavior: The Mediating Role of Purchase Intention. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35, 401– 410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)00050-2
Marlow, S., Henry, C. & Carter, S. (2009). Exploring the impact of gender upon women's business ownership: International Small Business Journal, 27 (2), 139-148.
Minniti, M. (2010). Female entrepreneurship and economic activity. The European Journal of Development Research, 22, 294-312. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2010.18
Molina, J. A. (2020). Family and entrepreneurship: New empirical and theoretical results. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 41(1), 1-3.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-020-09667-y
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2011). Skills for Innovation and Research, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264097490-en
Olomi, D.& Urassa, G. (2008). The constraints to access the capital by SMEs of Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: REPOA.
Opusunju, M. I., Zwingina, T. C., Murat, A., & Jiya, N. S. (2018). Effect of political environment on entrepreneurship development: a small business perspective in Abuja, FCT. International Journal of Operational Research in Management, Social Sciences and Education, 4(2), 90-103.
Osano, H. M., & Languitone, H. (2016). Factors influencing access to finance by SMEs in Mozambique: case of SMEs in Maputo central business district. Journal of innovation and entrepreneurship, 5(1), 1- 16.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-016-0041-0
Ozaralli, N., & Rivenburgh, N. K. (2016). Entrepreneurial intention: antecedents to entrepreneurial behavior in the U.S.A. and Turkey. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 6(1), 3.
Rindova, V. P., Pollock, T. G., & Hayward, M. L. (2006). Celebrity firms: The social construction of market popularity. Academy of Management Review, 31, 50–71.
Scott WR, Davis GF (2007).Organisations and organising: rational, natural, and open systems perspectives. Upper Saddle River: Pearson
Selvarathinam, S (2008). Peace and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Pooled Data Cross-Country Empirical Study. International Conference on Applied Economics – ICOAE
Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of management review, 25(1), 217-226.
Stevenson, L., & St-Onge, A. (2013). National Assessment of Women's Entrepreneurship Development (WED) Framework Conditions: Assessors Guide. Women's Entrepreneurship Development Programme (ILO-WED), 155.
Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review,20 (3), 571–610.
Tanzania Gatsby Trust Fund (TGT). (2011). Annual Report & Accounts 2011. Online at: http://www.gatsby.or.tz/modules/reports/2011annualreport.pdf.
Vakili, F., Tahmasebi, N., Tahmasebi, S., & Tahmasebi, D. (2016). Role of education in entrepreneurship development. Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, 16(3-4), 103-112.
Verheul, I., Thurik, R., Van der Zwan, P.,& Hessels, J. (2016). Factors influencing the entrepreneurial engagement of opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs. Eurasian Business Review, 6(3), 273-295.
Zelditch, M. (2001). Processes of legitimation: Recent developments and new directions. Social psychology quarterly, 64(1), 4-17.
Zhu, L., Kara, O., & Zhu, X. (2019). A comparative study of women entrepreneurship in transitional economies. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies
United Republic of Tanzania (URT), (2012). Population and Housing Census. National Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Finance, Dar es Salaam
Copyright (c) 2022 Laurent Joseph
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
