Agroecological Practices and Extension Services in the Mixed Farming System of Tanzania: A Review of Related Policies

Abstract

Agroecological practices are increasingly recognized globally for their capacity to enhance the sustainability, resilience, and productivity of agricultural systems, particularly in mixed farming systems prevalent in developing countries like Tanzania. Grounded in principles of biodiversity, ecological balance, and socio-economic equity, agroecology provides a transformative pathway for sustainable agricultural development. This review employs qualitative content analysis and comparative policy analysis to critically assess policy frameworks at the global, regional (e.g., African Union’s Agenda 2063), East African Community (EAC), and national levels (e.g., National Agriculture Policy 2013, ASDP II) that influence the adoption of agroecological practices, with a specific focus on mixed farming systems in Karatu District, Manyara Region. The findings reveal that while global and regional frameworks are broadly supportive of agroecology, national policies demonstrate significant gaps in implementation, including the absence of localized agroecological indicators, weak institutional coordination, and limited integration of sustainability principles. A major constraint identified is the inadequate role of agricultural extension services in promoting agroecological knowledge and practices; over 60% of farmers in Karatu reported minimal access to ecological extension support due to capacity shortfalls and policy misalignment. To address these challenges, the study recommends integrating agroecological indicators into national policy frameworks, strengthening extension service capacity through targeted training, mobilizing financial resources, promoting participatory approaches, and implementing land tenure and gender-inclusive reforms to enable a more effective and equitable agroecological transition in Tanzania.