Relationship between Childhood Obesity and Pupils’ Participation in School Physical Activities in Lower Primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya
Abstract
Obesity is a condition of abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in the adipose tissue to the extent that health may be impaired. Globally it is estimated that approximately 155 million children are obese. Studies have also revealed that childhood obesity has become a serious health epidemic, where more than a third of children aged 2-19 years are obese. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between childhood obesity on pupils’ level of participation in school physical activities. The study objectives were to establish the prevalence of childhood obesity among pupils in lower primary schools and its influence on pupils’ participation in physical activities among grade three pupils in Kasarani Sub County, Nairobi County. The study was guided by the Looking Glass Self Theory that was developed by Charles Horton Cooley. A mixed-method study design was employed. The target population was headteachers, teachers and grade three pupils in Kasarani Sub-County. Simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were employed to select the sample schools and pupils, respectively. Interview schedules, anthropometric datasheets and questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were analysed by both qualitative and quantitative procedures. The findings showed that the prevalence rate of childhood obesity was 11.6 %. The findings also indicated that childhood obesity had no statistical significance on the level of participation in physical activities
Downloads
References
Aballa L. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors for obesity among school-aged children in Nairobi Province, Kenya. Master thesis, Kenyatta University
Ader, H, (2008). Research methodology in social, behavioural and life Science. Sage Publishers; United Kingdom.
Adom, T., Puoane, T., De Villiers, A., & Kengne, A. P. (2017). Protocol for systematic review of school-based interventions to prevent and control obesity in African learners. BMJ Open, 7(3), e013540. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013540
Alissa, E. M., Sutiah, R. H., Kamfar, H. Z., Alagha, A. E., & Marzouki, Z. M. (2017). Serum progranulin levels in relation to insulin resistance in childhood obesity. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 30(12), 1251-1256. doi:10.1515/jpem-2017-0321
Anwar, A., Anwar, F., Joiya, H. U., Ijaz, A., Rashid, H., Javaid, A., & Mehmood, M. (2010). Prevalence of obesity among the school-going children of Lahore and associated factors. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 22(4), 27-32.
Arora, M., Nazar, G. P., Gupta, V. K., Perry, C. L., Reddy, K. S., & Stigler, M. H. (2012). Association of breakfast intake with obesity, dietary and physical activity behaviour among urban school-aged adolescents in Delhi, India: results of a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 12, 881. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-881
Azadbakht, L., Hajishafiee, M., Golshahi, J., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2016). Snacking Behaviour and Obesity among Female Adolescents in Isfahan, Iran. J Am Coll Nutr, 35(5), 405-412. doi:10.1080/07315724.2015.1030474
Beynon, C., & Fone, D. (2017). Risk factors for childhood obesity: a data analysis of the Welsh Health Survey. Nurs Child Young People, 29(6), 38-44. doi:10.7748/ncyp.2017.e855
Bhargava, M., Kandpal, S. D., & Aggarwal, P. (2016). Physical activity correlates of overweight and obesity in school-going children of Dehradun, Uttarakhand. J Family Med Prim Care, 5(3), 564-568. doi:10.4103/2249-4863.197281
Cooley, Charles Horton, 1864-1929. (1922). Human nature and the social order. New York :Scribner
Davison, K. K., Falbe, J., Taveras, E. M., Gortmaker, S., Kulldorff, M., Perkins, M., . . . Group, M.-C. S. (2015). Evaluation overview for the Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (MA-CORD) project. Child Obes, 11(1), 23-36. doi:10.1089/chi.2014.0059
Freedman D.S, Khan CK, Serdula MK. Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS (2005). The Relation of Childhood BMI to Adult Adiposity, The Bogalusa Heart Study. Peadtritrics; 15:22-27.
Gomez-Pardo, E., Fernandez-Alvira, J. M., Vilanova, M., Haro, D., Martinez, R., Carvajal, I., . . . Fuster, V. (2016). A Comprehensive Lifestyle Peer Group-Based Intervention on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: The Randomised Controlled Fifty-Fifty Program. J Am Coll Cardiol, 67(5), 476-485. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.033
Hayes, J. F., Eichen, D. M., Barch, D. M., & Wilfley, D. E. (2018). Executive function in childhood obesity: Promising intervention strategies to optimise treatment outcomes. Appetite, 124, 10-23. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.040
John & Hill (2003). Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among pre-school children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
Kaneko, K., Kimata, T., Tsuji, S., Shiraishi, K., Yamauchi, K., Murakami, M., & Kitagawa, T. (2011). Impact of obesity on childhood kidney. Pediatr Rep, 3(4), e27. doi:10.4081/pr.2011.e27
Knai, C., & McKee, M. (2010). Tackling childhood obesity: the importance of understanding the context. J Public Health (Oxf), 32(4), 506-511. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdq019
Kovacs, V. A., Sarkadi-Nagy, E., Sandu, P., Duleva, V., Spinelli, A., Kaposvari, C., . . . Martos, E. (2018). Good practice criteria for childhood obesity prevention in kindergartens and schools-elaboration, content and use. Eur J Public Health, 28(6), 1029-1034. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky129
Kristensen, A. H., Flottemesch, T. J., Maciosek, M. V., Jenson, J., Barclay, G., Ashe, M., . . . Brownson, R. C. (2014). Reducing childhood obesity through U.S. federal policy: a microsimulation analysis. Am J Prev Med, 47(5), 604-612. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.07.011
Learmonth, Y. C., Hebert, J. J., Fairchild, T. J., Moller, N. C., Klakk, H., & Wedderkopp, N. (2019). Physical education and leisure-time sport reduce overweight and obesity: a number needed to treat analysis. Int J Obes (Lond), 43(10), 2076-2084. doi:10.1038/s41366-018-0300-1
LeBlanc, A. (2016). Why are children sedentary: an examination using the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 41(7), 790. doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0555
LeCroy, M. N., Truesdale, K. P., Matheson, D. M., Karp, S. M., Moore, S. M., Robinson, T. N., . . . Thomas, A. J. (2019). Snacking characteristics and patterns and their associations with diet quality and BMI in the Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research Consortium. Public Health Nutr, 22(17), 3189-3199. doi:10.1017/S1368980019000958
Li, J. S., Barnett, T. A., Goodman, E., Wasserman, R. C., Kemper, A. R., American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, H., . . . Metabolism. (2013). Approaches to the prevention and management of childhood obesity: the role of social networks and the use of social media and related electronic technologies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 127(2), 260- 267. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182756d8e
Malla J. (2004). Obesity and factors that contribute to obesity among Pre-adolescent attending day private primary schools in Nairobi. Masters thesis, Kenyatta University.
Martin, A., Booth, J. N., Laird, Y., Sproule, J., Reilly, J. J., & Saunders, D. H. (2018). Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1, CD009728. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009728.pub3
Moon, R. C. (2020). The Associations between Childhood Obesity, Academic Performance, and Perception of Teachers: From Kindergarten to Fifth Grade. Child Obes. doi:10.1089/chi.2019.0330
Morita, N., Nakajima, T., Okita, K., Ishihara, T., Sagawa, M., & Yamatsu, K. (2016). Relationships among fitness, obesity, screen time and academic achievement in Japanese adolescents. Physiol Behav, 163, 161-166. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.055
Muhihi, A. J., Mpembeni, R. N., Njelekela, M. A., Anaeli, A., Chillo, O., Kubhoja, S., . . . Ngarashi, D. (2013). Prevalence and determinants of obesity among primary school children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Arch Public Health, 71(1), 26. doi:10.1186/0778-7367-71-26
Musa, D. I., Toriola, A. L., Monyeki, M. A., & Lawal, B. (2012). Prevalence of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in Benue State, Nigeria. Trop Med Int Health, 17(11), 1369-1375. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03083.x
Muthuri, S. K., Wachira, L. J., Onywera, V. O., & Tremblay, M. S. (2014). Correlates of objectively measured overweight/obesity and physical activity in Kenyan school children: results from ISCOLE-Kenya. BMC Public Health, 14, 436. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-436
Ochoa-Aviles, A., Verstraeten, R., Huybregts, L., Andrade, S., Van Camp, J., Donoso, S., . . . Kolsteren, P. (2017). A school-based intervention improved dietary intake outcomes and reduced waist circumference in adolescents: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Nutr J, 16(1), 79. doi:10.1186/s12937-017-0299-5
Ogden, C. L., & Flegal, K. M. (2010). Changes in terminology for childhood overweight and obesity. Natl Health Stat Report(25), 1-5.
Onywera, V. O. (2010). Childhood obesity and physical inactivity threat in Africa: strategies for a healthy future. Glob Health Promot, 17(2 Suppl), 45-46. doi:10.1177/1757975910363937
Pastucha, D., Talafa, V., Malincikova, J., Cihalik, C., Hyjanek, J., Horakova, D., & Janout, V. (2010). Obesity, hypertension and insulin resistance in childhood--a pilot study. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub, 154(1), 77-81. doi:10.5507/bp.2010.013
Patro, B., & Szajewska, H. (2010). Meal patterns and childhood obesity. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 13(3), 300-304. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833681a2
Pearce, J., & Langley-Evans, S. C. (2013). The types of food introduced during complementary feeding and risk of childhood obesity: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond), 37(4), 477-485. doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.8
Pirgon, O., & Aslan, N. (2015). The Role of Urbanisation in Childhood Obesity. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol, 7(3), 163-167. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.1984
Puhl, & Moher. (20o9). Weight stigma as a psychosocial contributor to obesity. American Psychologist, 75(2),
Putre, L. (2013). Waging a war against childhood obesity. Hosp Health Netw, 87(5), 67.
Raghuveer, G. (2010). Lifetime cardiovascular risk of childhood obesity. Am J Clin Nutr, 91(5), 1514S-1519S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.28701D
Rodgers, G. P., Dietz, W., & Lavizzo-Mourey, R. (2018). Research on Childhood Obesity: Building the Foundation for a Healthier Future. Am J Prev Med, 54(3), 450-452. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.08.034
Roy, M. P. (2017). Correlation of Childhood Obesity and Related Insulin Resistance with Leptin and Retinol Binding Protein 4: Correspondence. Indian J Pediatr, 84(6), 496. doi:10.1007/s12098-017-2328-y
Rush, E., Cairncross, C., Williams, M. H., Tseng, M., Coppinger, T., McLennan, S., & Latimer, K. (2016). Project Energise: intervention development and 10 years of progress in preventing childhood obesity. BMC Res Notes, 9, 44. doi:10.1186/s13104-016-1849-1
Savino, A., Pelliccia, P., Chiarelli, F., & Mohn, A. (2010). Obesity-related renal injury in childhood. Horm Res Paediatr, 73(5), 303-311. doi:10.1159/000308161
Schantz, S. (2010). What’s new in the world of childhood obesity? NASN Sch Nurse, 25(6), 288-292. doi:10.1177/1942602X10382784
Slowik, J., Grochowska-Niedworok, E., Maciejewska-Paszek, I., Kardas, M., Niewiadomska, E., Szostak-Trybus, M., . . . Irzyniec, T. (2019). Nutritional Status Assessment in Children and Adolescents with Various Levels of Physical Activity in Aspect of Obesity. Obes Facts, 12(5), 554-563. doi:10.1159/000502698
Thiruvengadam, V., Amperayani, S., Babu, R. P., & Uppuluri, R. (2015). Correlation of Childhood Obesity and Related Insulin Resistance with Leptin and Retinol Binding Protein 4. Indian J Pediatr, 82(9), 799-804. doi:10.1007/s12098-015-1706-6
Timaeus, I. M. (2012). Stunting and obesity in childhood: a reassessment using longitudinal data from South Africa. Int J Epidemiol, 41(3), 764-772. doi:10.1093/ije/dys026
Truesdale, K. P., Matheson, D. M., JaKa, M. M., McAleer, S., Sommer, E. C., & Pratt, C. A. (2019). Baseline diet quality of predominantly minority children and adolescents from households characterised by low socioeconomic status in the Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research (COPTR) Consortium. BMC Nutr, 5, 38. doi:10.1186/s40795-019-0302-y
Wijnhoven, T. M., van Raaij, J. M., Sjoberg, A., Eldin, N., Yngve, A., Kunesova, M., . . . Breda, J. (2014). WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: School nutrition environment and body mass index in primary schools. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 11(11), 11261-11285. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111261
Wijnhoven, T. M., van Raaij, J. M., Yngve, A., Sjoberg, A., Kunesova, M., Duleva, V., . . . Breda, J. (2015). WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: health-risk behaviours on nutrition and physical activity in 6-9-year-old schoolchildren. Public Health Nutr, 18(17), 3108-3124. doi:10.1017/S1368980015001937
World Health Organization (WHO) (1997). Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. Technical reports series no. 894. WHO; Geneva.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2000). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic, Report of WHO Consultation Technical Report Series No. 894. WHO;
World Health Organization (2002). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic (WHO Technical Report Series 894). Geneva, 2006. World Health Organization.
Yin, Z., Parra-Medina, D., Cordova, A., He, M., Trummer, V., Sosa, E., . . . Ramirez, A. (2012). Miranos! Look at us, we are healthy! An environmental approach to early childhood obesity prevention. Child Obes, 8(5), 429-439. doi:10.1089/chi.2012.0125
Copyright (c) 2022 Rose Maero Nelima, Yattani D. Buna
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
