The Influences of Education Level and Multiple Incomes on Extension of Life after Retirement among Tanzanians
Abstract
The study examines education level and multiple income of retired people in the United Republic of Tanzania influences retirees to live longer after retirement (longevity). Basing on the results produced by this study, they imply that a number of factors influence the longevity of retirees with varying statistical magnitude and particularly for the period of scrutiny. The findings showed that 87.7% of retirees having secondary school and tertiary education as their highest level of education were paid less than 199,999 TZS per month as compared to 16.7% who received same pension amount attained University education level. Meanwhile, the facts supporting that having multiple sources of income improves the welfare of a human being and hence early death immediately after leaving the job is minimized, there is only 13.51% of those having several sources of income died (figure 4.4) while an average of 87.8% of those with numerous incomes survived within eight years of their retirement period. The results depicts that there is no direct relation between education level and the survival or non-survival of the retirees but the impact of education level towards longevity may be seen through pension amounts and through investments. In other words, the results imply that death or survival of a person do not necessarily depend on education level of that particular person but rather remain to be a contingent.
Downloads
References
Adler, N. E., Boyce, T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R. L., & Syme, S. L. (1994). Socioeconomic status and health: the challenge of the gradient. American psychologist, 49(1), 15.
Ary, D et al.2010. Introduction to Research in Education. Canada: Thompson Wadsworth.
Olsen, A., & Whitman, K. (2007). Effective retirement savings programs: Design features and financial education. Soc. Sec. Bull., 67, 53.
Bozio, A., Crawford, R., &Tetlow, G. (2010). The history of state pensions in the UK: 1948 to 2010.Institute of Fiscal Studies
Bossert, W. and Pfingsten, A., 1990. Intermediate inequality: concepts, indices, and
welfare implications. Mathematical Social Sciences, 19(2), pp.117-134.
Brian R. and Adrian G. (2010). Mortality by cause of death and by socio-economic and
demographic stratification.
Brown, R. L., & McDaid, J. (2003). Factors affecting retirement mortality. North American Actuarial Journal, 7(2), 24-43.
Bukwimba M.L (2016). The Impact of Pensions on the Mean residual life time of retirees in Tanzania. International Journal of Advanced and Multidisciplinary Social Science 2016, 2(1): 1-10
Central Statistics Office (2011). Situation Analysis of the Elderlt in India: Ministry of
Statistics and programme Implementation, Government of India.
Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, 1997.
EMIS/BEST (Education Management Information System / Basic Education Statistics inTanzania). Various Data. Ministry of Education and Vocational Training.
ESPR “Education Sector Performance Report 2008/09”
Godius, K. & Longinus, R. (2009). Final report on case studies of working conditions survey in Tanzania. University of Dar es Salaam.
HelpAge International “The Madrid Plan” http://www.helpage.org/what-we-o/rights/the-adrid-plan-mipaa/: Retrieved on 11th October 2014.
Holzmann, R., &Jørgensen, S. (2001). Social risk management: A new conceptual framework for social protection, and beyond. International Tax and Public Finance, 8(4), 529-556.
Horiuchi, S., & Wilmoth, J. R. (1998). Deceleration in the age pattern of mortality at olderages. Demography, 35(4), 391-412
ILO (2006). Social Protection for all Men and Women: A sourcebook for extending socialsecurity coverage in Fiji-options and plan. International Labour Organization.
ILO (2009). National profile of working conditions in the United Republic of Tanzania. International Labour Organization
ILO (1984). Introduction to Social Security, Geneva: ILO
Judge, K. (1995). Income distribution and Life expectancy: A critical appraisal. British Medical Journal 311: 1282-1285
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2021 Mar; 76(3): 583–595.
Kallan, J. (1997). Effects of socio-demographic Variables on adult mortality in the United States: Comparisons by Sex, Age, and cause of death. Social Biology. 44 (1-2): 136-47.
Katz, S., Ford, A.B., Moskowitz, R.W., Jackson, B.A., & Jaffee, M.W. (1963). Studies of llness in the Aged: The In-dex of ADL, a Standardized Measure of Biological and Psychosocial Function. Journal of the American Medical Asso-ciation, 185, 914-919.http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016
Bender, K. A., &Jivan, N. A. (2005). What makes retirees happy? (Vol. 28). Boston: Center for Retirement Research at Boston College.
Kothari R.C. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2ndrev.ed.). New Delhi. New Age International.
Lantz, P. M., House, J. S., Lepkowski, J. M., Williams, D. R., Mero, R. P., & Chen, J. (1998). Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and mortality: results from a nationally representative prospective study of US adults. Journal of the American Medical Association. 279(21), 1703-1708.
Leedy, P.D & Ormrod J.E. (2005). Practical research: Planning and Design. New Jersey: Pearson Merill Prentice-Hall.
Lee, P. R., Moss, N., & Krieger, N. (1995). Measuring social inequalities in health. Report on the Conference of the National Institutes of Health. Public health reports, 110(3), 302.
Legal and Human Right Centre. (2007). Progress through Human Rights. Dar es salaam, Tanzania
Lisa, B., Nora, D., & Jason, K. (2008). How Tanzania has Progressed: The United Republic of Tanzania development Report.
de Dakar, P. (2011). Tanzania education sector analysis: beyond primary education, the quest for balanced and efficient policy choices for human development and economic growth.
Maghimbi S., F.S.K. Tungaraza, and A.S.T. Mchomvu (2002). Social Security Systems
in Tanzania. Journal of Social Development in Africa. 17: (2).
Maghimbi S., A.S.T Mchomvu, T.F.K. Ngalula, G.S. Nchahaga, and F.S.K. Tungaraza
(1998). Social Policy and Research Practice in Tanzania. Journal of social Development in Africa.13 (2): 45-53.
Meng, C., and Pfau, W.D. (2010). The Role of Pension Funds in Capital Market
Development. GRIPS Discussion Paper 10-17, Tokyo-Japan
Oxford Advanced English Learner’s Dictionary (2005.), (17th ed.)
Oxford Policy management (2010). Evaluation of retirement Systems of countries within
the Southern Africa Development Community: Synthesis Document.
Pappas G., S. Queen, W. Hadden and G. Fisher (1993). The increasing Disparity in
Mortality between Socioeconomic Groups in the United States, 1960 and 1986. New England Journal of Medicine 329 (2): 103-109.
Preston Samuel & Irma Elo (1995): Are educational differentials in adults mortality
increasing in the United State? Journal of Aging and Health: 7:476-496.
Ridsdale, B., Gallop, A., & Hall, I. (2010, March). Mortality by cause of death and by socio-economic and demographic stratification 2010. In International Congress of Actuaries 2010.
Robert L. Brown and Joanne McDaid (2013). Factors affecting Retirement Mortality.
North American Actuarial Journal. 7(2): 24-43.
Rogers R.G., Robert A.H, Charles B.N (1999): Cigarette smoking and mortality. In living
and dying in the USA: Behavioral, Health, and Social Differences of Adult Mortality. Academic Press.
Social Security Regulatory Authority Act. No.8 of 2008 (2008), United Republic of Tanzania.
Social Security Regulatory Authority “Pension Benefits Harmonization” rule (2014),
United Republic of Tanzania.
The United Republic of Tanzania (2007). Tanzania Progress Report Review and
Appraisal of the MIPAA. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
The United Republic of Tanzania (2003). The national Social Security Policy. Ministry of
Labour, Youth Development and Sports. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
The United Republic of Tanzania (2008). Economic survey 2007, dar es Salaam
Government Printers
Vailant and Mukama (2001), Successiful Aging. Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA. gvaillant@partners.org
Yuan, Xingchen, "Survival Model and Estimation for Lung Cancer Patients."
(2005). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1002. http://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1002
Cox (1972) Regression Analysis and Life Table, Yuan, Xingchen, "Survival Model and Estimation for Lung Cancer Patients."
(2005). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1002. http://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1002
Copyright (c) 2022 Michael Laurent Bukwimba
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
