Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Teacher Integrity in the Deployment of Smart Technologies in the Digital Era in Cross River State, Nigeria
Abstract
As artificial intelligence (AI) gains more traction in education in the digital era, questions arise about the number of empirical studies available that have useful outcomes on the protocols for deploying the technology in the sector. This univariate descriptive survey was consequently conducted to examine whether the ethics of AI predict teacher integrity in the application of smart technologies in public primary schools in the digital age in Cross River State, Nigeria. Two hypotheses were formulated for the research. 1,600 teachers were recruited from 16 public primary schools across four education zones of the state to participate. Ethics of AI and Teacher Integrity in the Application of Smart Technologies Questionnaire (EAITIASTQ) was adopted to generate data. Based upon the Value Sensitive Design (VSD), simple linear regression was used to analyze data, aided by SPSS. Findings suggest that user transparency significantly predicts teacher integrity in the application of AI in public primary schools; user accountability significantly predicts teacher integrity in the utilization of AI in public primary schools. It is recommended that a sound ethical protocol on the application of AI in school be codified in documents and made available for all primary school teachers; experienced and skilful personnel in computer and AI operations have to conduct regular supervision of teachers in relation to the use of AI in elementary schools
Downloads
References
Afolabi, A. (2024). Ethical Issues in Artificial Intelligence Adoption in African Higher Education Institutions in Nigeria. African Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 2(2), pp. 22–33.
Asim, A. E., Idaka, I. E. & Eni, E. I. (2017). Research in education: concepts and Techniques. Calabar: Bloann Educational Publishers.
Bird, E., Fox-Skelly, J., Jenner, N., Larbey, R., Weitkamp, E., & Winfield, A. (2020). The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: Issues and Initiatives. Brussels: European Parliament Research Services.
Check, J. & Schutt, R. K. (2012). Survey Research. In J. Check & R. K. Schutt (Eds.). Research Methods in Education, pp. 159–185. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Cheong, B. C. (2024). Transparency and Accountability in AI Systems: Safeguarding Wellbeing in the Age of Algorithmic Decision-Making. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 6, pp. 1-11.
Creswell, J. (2003). Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approach (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Cross River State Universal Basic Education Board (2023). Teacher Disposition and Primary School Establishment Data. SUBEB, Calabar.
Donatus, U. O., Obinna, V. O., Samuel, U. O., Odera, C. U. & Nkechi, F. O. (2024). The Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence in Education. Journal of Applied Philosophy. 22(2), pp. 1-9.
Ewa, M. A. (2024). Artificial Intelligence (AI) Literacy, An Investment for Enhancing Educators’ Skills in AI Powered Primary Schools in Nigeria. International Journal Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), VIII (IV), pp. 1226-1238
Ewa, M. A. (2024). Social Inclusion, a Pathway for Educating All Pupils in Mainstream Primary Schools in Cross River State, Nigeria. East African Journal of Education Studies, 7(2), pp. 309-322.
Friedman, B. (2019). Value sensitive design. In van den Hoven, J. & Vermaas, P. E. (Eds.), Handbook of Ethics, Values, and Technological Design: Sources, Theory, Values and Application Domains, pp. 11-40.
Green, E., Singh, D. & Chia, R. (2022). AI Ethics and Higher Education Good Practice and Guidance for Educators, Learners and Institutions. Geneva: Globethics.net Education Ethics Series
Gunkel, D. (2018). Robot Rights. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hendry, D.G., Friedman, B. & Ballard, S. (2021). Value sensitive design as a formative Framework. Ethics and Information Technology,23, pp. 39–44.
Holmes, W., Bialik, M. & Fadel, C. (2019). Artificial Intelligence in Education: Promises and Implications for Teaching and Learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign.
Holmes, W., Porayska-Pomsta, K., Holstein, K., Sutherland, E., Baker, T., Shum, S. B., Santos, O. C., Rodrigo, M. T., Cukurova, M., Bittencourt, I. I. & Koedinger, K. R. (2021). Ethics of AI in Education: Towards a Community-Wide Framework. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00239-1.
Kroll, J. A., Huey, J., Barocas, S., Felten, E. W., Reidenberg, J. R., Robinson, D. G. & Yu, H. (2017). Accountable Algorithms. University of Pennsylvania. Law Review. 165, pp. 633–705
Larsson, S. & Heintz, F. (2020). Transparency in Artificial Intelligence. Journal on Internet Regulation, 9(2), pp. 1-16.
Lin, P., Abney, K. & Bekey, G. A. (2014). Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics. Intelligent Robotics and Autonomous Agents. Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press.
Mertler, C. A. & Charles, C. M. (2014). Introduction to educational research. London: Pearson Education Limited.
Muijs, D. (2011). Doing quantitative research in education with SPSS. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Nyholm, S. (2020). Humans and Robots: Ethics, Agency, and Anthropomorphism. London: Rowman and Littlefield.
Okereke, C. J., & Alhassan, H. K. (2018). Ethical dimensions of AI-driven educational technologies in West African universities: A qualitative study. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 40(6), pp. 580-598.
Rossi, F. (2016). Artificial Intelligence: Potential Benefits and Ethical Considerations. European Parliament.
Shrier, D. (2023). AI as Teaching Assistant. Early Findings on Integrating ChatGPT and the Other LLMs into Discovery-based Entrepreneurship Education. Imperial College Business School. Centre for Digital Transformation.
Vasse'I, R. M. & McCrosky, J. (2023). AI Transparency in Practice. Accessed via file:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/AI_Transparency_in_Practice_Report.pdf
Williams, C. (2007). Research Methods. Journal of Business and Economic Research, 5(3), pp. 65-72.
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M. & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic Review of Research on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Higher Education-where Are the Educators? International Journal of Educational Technology and Higher Education, 16, pp. 1–27.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ewa Moses Apie, PhD

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.