Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on the Livelihoods of Pastoralist Communities in Bagamoyo District, Coastal Tanzania

Moson Koika Moti; Emma Teresa Liwenga

doi:10.37284/eajab.8.2.3411

Moson Koika Moti University of Dar es Salaam
Emma Teresa Liwenga, PhD University of Dar es Salaam

##plugins.pubIds.doi.readerDisplayName##: https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.8.2.3411

##share.article##:

Résumé

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of climate change on the livelihoods of pastoralist communities in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. To collect sufficient information, 10% (880) of the total pastoralists’ households were randomly selected for structured interviews. Other methods employed include field observation, Key Informants Interview and Focus Group Discussions with purposively selected respondents. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to analyse the data collected. The findings reveal that approximately 74% of respondents believe climate change has harmed livestock quality. The ongoing decrease in rainfall and rising temperatures have heightened the vulnerability of pastoralists. This shift has led to a decline in both the quality and quantity of livestock, resulting in food shortages and increased poverty. In response, pastoralists have adapted by diversifying their livelihoods, changing food sources, selecting different livestock breeds, reducing herd sizes, and migrating. The study recommends modernising local adaptation strategies to enhance the resilience of pastoralist communities in the face of climate change challenges

##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##

##plugins.generic.usageStats.noStats##

Références

Aberra and Abdulahi (Ed). (2015). The Intricate Road to Development: Government Development Strategies in the Pastoral Areas of the Horn of Africa. Addis Ababa University: Institute for Peace and Security Studies.

Addison J. (2012). Institutional settings, herder livelihoods and rangeland conditions in the Gobi Desert. PhD Thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Available at: http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:286417

Adhikari and Pouyan Nejadhashemi, (2015): Climate Change and Eastern Africa: A review of Impact on major crops. Published on 27 June 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.61

Ameso and Edwin Ambani, (2018). Pastoral Resilience among the Maasai Pastoralists of Laikipia Country. Kenya. Journal article published on 16. June 2018. Retrieved from: http://.handle.net/11295/103724

Andrew, B. (2009). The role of indigenous knowledge in adaptation to climate change and variability: The case of Bagamoyo district. MSc. University of Dar es Salaam.

Bagamoyo District. (2006). District Profile Report. Bagamoyo District, Coastal. Tanzania.

Bagamoyo District. (2009). District Profile Report. Bagamoyo District, Pwani, Tanzania.

Chambers, R., & Conway, G. (1992). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century.

Collier, P., Conway, G., & Venables, T. (2008). Climate change and Africa. Oxford review of economic policy, 24(2), 337-353.

DFID. (2001): Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets. London: DFID, from http://www.livelihoodscentre.org/documents/20720/100145/Sustainable±livelihoods±guidance±sheets/8f35b59f-8207-43fc-8b99-df75d3000e86. Viewed April 12, 2017.

EPMS (2006): Adaptation to climate change through shifting of shallow water wells affected by inundation on the coast regions-Bagamoyo. South-North Adaptation Team, Dar es Salaam.

Follet & Reed (2010), Soil Carbon sequestration in grazing lands: Societal benefits and policy implications. Rangeland Ecol manage 63: 4-15

Gaiballah A and Abdalla, N.I (2016), Understanding the Pastoral Production System of East in Pastoralism and climate change in East Africa. Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd. Dar es Salaam.

Galvin, A.K. et al. (2001). Impacts of Climate Variability on East African Pastoralists: Linking Social Science and Remote Sensing. Climate Research, Vol. 19: 161–172, December 4.

Galvin, A.K. (1992). American Journal of Human Biology 4: Nutritional Ecology of Pastoralists in Dry Tropical Africa, 209-221.

Galvin, K.A. (2009): Transitions: pastoralists living with change. Annual Review of Anthropology,38, 185-198.Government of Kenya (2014). Pastoralists Groups in Kenya

GoK (Government of Kenya) (2014). Long Rains Season Assessment Report, Kenya Food Security; Steering Group KFSSG; Government Printers: Nairobi, Kenya.

Hayward, C, Simpson, L. and Wood, L. (2004): Problematising participatory Research and development. Sociologia Ruralis, 44.95-108.

Hoegh-Guldberg O., Jacob D., Taylor M., Bindi M., Brown S., Camilloni I., Diedhiou A. & Djalante R. (2018). Impacts of 1.5°C Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems. In: Global Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5 °C Above Preindustrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways [...]. Special Report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (ISBN 978–92–9169–15`–7): 175–311.

IPCC, (2001): Summary for Policy Makers: Climate Change 2001; Impact, Adaptation and Vulnerability: A Report of Working Group II. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC.

IPCC, (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPCC, (2013): Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA:

IPCC, (2015): Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_ARS FINAL full.pdf Accessed 20 Dec 2017.

IPCC. (2012). Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY.

Kashaigili J., Liwenga, E. and Pamela W.L. (2014), Analysis of Climate Variability, Perceptions and Coping Strategies of Tanzanian Coastal Forest Dependent Communities, American Journal of Climate Change, 2014, 3, 212-222 Published Online June 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ajcc ttp://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2014.32020

Kothari, C. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, 2nd Ed. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers.

Leung, J. Y. S., Russell, B. D. & Connell, S. D. (2019). Adaptive Responses of Marine Gastropods Heatwaves. 10.1016/j.oneear.2019.10.025.

Liwenga, E.T. (2016). The technical and social knowledge systems of pastoral mobility in East Africa. Pastoralism and Climate Change in East Africa, 107.

Liwenga. E., Lyimo.G.J. J., Ngana. O, and Maganga. F. (2013). Climate change, impacts and adaptations in the coastal communities in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. Environmental Economics.

Lyimo, J., Ngana, J., Liwenga, E. & Maganga, F. (2013). Climate Change, Impacts and Adaptations in the Coastal Communities in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. Environmental Economics, 4(1): 63–71.

Magita, S. Y, and Sangeda, A.Z. (2017) Effects of Climate stress to pastoral communities in Tanzania: A case of Mvomero District. Livestock. Livestock Research for Rural Development 29(8): 1-11

Maleko, D.D. and M.L.Koipapai. (2015): Opportunities and constraints for overcoming dry season livestock feed shortages in communal semi-arid rangelands of northern Tanzania: A case study of Longed District. Livestock Research Development 27 (70)http://www.rrd (70) http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd27/4/ male27070.html. Accessed 14 May 2017.

Maleko, D.D. and Sangeda, A.Z. (2015): Range condition and Livestock Carrying Capacity in a Communal Semi-Arid Rangeland Under Traditional Rotational Grazing, Northern Tanzania. Range Society of Tanzania, Morogoro, Tanzania. 72pp.

McLeod, R. (2001). The Impact of Regulations and Procedures on the Livelihoods and Asset Base of the Urban Poor; Financial Perspective: Homeless International.

MLDF (2012). Livestock Sector Development Programme. Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development: https://tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/ Livestock_Programe_sw.pdf. Accessed 12 June 2017.

MLDF (2015). Tanzania Livestock Modernization Initiatives United Republic of Tanzania: Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries and Development. http://livestocklivelihoodsandhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Tanzania Livestock_Modernization_Initiative_July_2015.pdf

Mung’ong’o and Yanda (2016): Pastoralism and Climate Change in East Africa; Published by Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Mung’ong’o, H. Milline Mbonile and Faustin P. Maganga (2019): Innovative pathways for enhancing climate change and variability resilience among agro-pastoral communities in semi-arid areas of Kiteto and Kilindi Districts, Tanzania.

NBS, (2023). National Bureau of Statistics: Population and Housing Census 2022: Population distribution by administrative area. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Ngarabali, J. (2016): The Conflict between the Pastoralists and smallholder’s farmers in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. Published by Mwananchi Communication. jngarabali@mwanachi.com

Niang, I., Abdrabo, M., Ama, E., Lennard, C. & Adelekan, I. O. (2014). In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In. United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265.

Pauline, N. M. & Grab, S. (2018). Whose Knowledge Matters in Climate Change Adaptation? Perceived and Measured Rainfall Trends During the Last Half Century in South-Western Tanzania. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 39(2): 266–280.

Rowhani, P., Lobell, D. B., Linderman, M. & Ramankutty, N. (2011). Climate Variability and Crop Production in Tanzania. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151(4): 449–460.

Scoones, I. (1995): Living with Uncertainty New Directions in Pastoral Development in Africa; New Directions in Pastoral Development in Africa; Exeter Intermediate Technology Publications, London. 36pp.

Sellen (1996) Nutritional Consequences of Wealth Differentials in East African Pastoralists: The case of the Datoga of Northern Tanzania, Volume 31, issue 4, pp529-570.

Swift, J (1998). Factors influencing the dynamics of livelihood diversification and rural Non-farm Employment in space and time,’ Chatham: Natural Resources Institute.

Tanzania Meteorological Agency, (TMA) (2008): Mean monthly rainfall variation data for Bagamoyo District, Coastal, Tanzania.

UNHSP (2009). Planning Sustainable Cities: Policy Directions, Global Report on Human Settlements; abridged edition, Earthscan London.

URT (2007): National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)”, Vice Presidents Office Division of Environment, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

URT (2012): National Sample Census of Agriculture, Small Holders Agriculture: Livestock sector National Report; National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam. 175pp.

URT (2013): National Agriculture Policy, Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperative Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

URT (2016): Decentralized Climate Finance Project: Pilot District Retrieved May 25, 2017. Retrived from www.dcfp.go.tz

USAID. (2018). Climate Risk Profile - Tanzania.

Yanda, P.Z., and C.P. Malaya. (2011). Managing a Changing Climate in Africa; Local Level Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Experiences, Dar es Salaam