Nutrient composition of Sorghum-Based Rations and their effect on growth of Improved Indigenous Chicken in Western Kenya
Abstract
Improved indigenous chicken contribute to the nutrition of farmers in rural communities. The use of maize as an energy source in chicken diets is becoming unacceptable due to competition from humans, resulting in high feed costs. Alternative energy sources like low-tannin sorghum can be grown in Western Kenya. The objective of the study was to determine the nutrient composition of sorghum-based diets and the growth of improved indigenous chicken in Busia and Siaya Counties. Dietary treatments consisted of 50% (T1), 75% (T2) sorghum inclusion, and control (commercial diet) (T3). Farmers on semi-intensive were provided dietary treatments, and free-range (T4) was not provided. Feed samples were subjected to laboratory analysis for proximate composition, amino acids, and tannin content. Growth characteristics were collected biweekly. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and then means that differed significantly were separated using Tukey’s test in Genstat 14th edition. For proximate composition, dry matter was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 (91.9%) and T3 (92.1%) compared to T1 (91.4%). Crude fat was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 (9.54%) than in T1 (6.84%) and T3 (6.57%). The crude fibre was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T3 (14.3%) compared to T1 (3.37%) and T2 (3.62%). Crude protein was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 (15.8%) and T1 (15.2%) compared to T3 (12.6%). Metabolizable energy was significantly (p<0.05) lower in T3 (2723 Kcal/Kg) compared to T1 (3569 Kcal/Kg) and T2 (3684 Kcal/Kg). Amino acids (lysine, methionine, cysteine, and tryptophan) content in diets T2 and T3 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than T1. The tannin content of the sorghum variety C26 was 1.24%. T1 had a significantly high (p<0.05) mean final weight (970 g), body weight gain (804 g), daily weight gain (14.4 g), and feed conversion ratio (5.57). Mortality was highest at T4 (17.1%). It was concluded that the inclusion of 50% low tannin sorghum meets chicken feed nutritional requirements and is best for growth performance. The study recommended that farmers rearing chicken should plant low tannin sorghum to be utilized as feed ingredient to cut the cost of production
Downloads
References
Abreha, K. B., Enyew, M., Carlsson, A. S., Vetukuri, R. R., Feyissa, T., Motlhaodi, T., Ng’uni, D., & Geleta, M. (2022). Sorghum in dryland: morphological, physiological, and molecular responses of sorghum under drought stress. In Planta (Vol. 255, Issue 1). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-021-03799-7
AOAC. (2005). Official methods of analysis of AOAC international. AOAC International.
Batista, P. S. C., Carvalho, A. J., Portugal, A. F., Bastos, E. A., Cardoso, M. J., Torres, L. G., Mingote Júlio, M. P., & De Menezes, C. B. (2019). Selection of sorghum for drought tolerance in a semiarid environment. Genetics and Molecular Research, 18(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr18194
Bedford, M., Choct, M., & O’Neill, H. (2016). Nutrition experiments in pigs and poultry: a practical guide. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1079/9781780647005.0000
Belloir, P., Lessire, M., Lambert, W., Corrent, E., Berri, C., & Tesseraud, S. (2019). Changes in body composition and meat quality in response to dietary amino acid provision in finishing broilers. Animal, 13(5), 1094–1102. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118002306
Carneiro Baião, N., & Lara, L. (2005). Oil and Fat in Broiler Nutrition. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 7, 129–141.
Chavula, P., & Turyasingura, B. (2023). Petros Chavula, Benson Turyasingura. Contribution of Sorghum Production to Smallholder Farmers’ Welfare in Rubanda District. Uganda. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, 8(3), 98–101. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20230803.13
Chibarabada, T. P., Modi, A. T., & Mabhaudhi, T. (2017). Expounding the value of grain legumes in the semi- and arid tropics. Sustainability, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9010060
Ciurescu, G., Vasilachi, A., Idriceanu, L., & Dumitru, M. (2023). Effects of corn replacement by sorghum in broiler chickens diets on performance, blood chemistry, and meat quality. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 22(1), 537–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2023.2212695
Corzo, A., Moran, E. T., Hoehler, D., & Lemme||, A. (2005). Dietary Tryptophan Need of Broiler Males from Forty-Two to Fifty-Six Days of Age. Poultry Science, 84(2), 226–231.
de Castro Goulart, C., Guilherme Perazzo Costa, F., Humberto Vilar da Silva, J., Gouveia de Souza, J., Pereira Rodrigues, V., & Franklin Santos de Oliveira, C. (2011). Requirements of digestible methionine + cystine for broiler chickens at 1 to 42 days of age. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40, 797–803. www.sbz.org.br
Dewa, U., & Tikau, F. (2019). Proximate and elemental analysis of some selected commercial poultry feeds in Nigeria. Caliphate Journal of Science and Technology, 2(1), 148–153. http://cajost.com.ng/index.php/files/article/download/57/53
Dorcas, K., Koech, O. K., Kinama, J. M., Chemining’wa, G. N., & Ojulong, H. F. (2019). SORGHUM PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN AN INTEGRATED CROP-LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN MAKUENI COUNTY, EASTERN KENYA †. In Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems (Vol. 22).
Fagundes, N. S., Milfort, M. C., Williams, S. M., Da Costa, M. J., Fuller, A. L., Menten, J. F., Rekaya, R., & Aggrey, S. E. (2020). Dietary methionine level alters growth, digestibility, and gene expression of amino acid transporters in meat-type chickens. Poultry Science, 99(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez588
Govender, L., Pillay, K., Siwela, M., Modi, A., & Mabhaudhi, T. (2017). Food and nutrition insecurity in selected rural communities of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa—linking human nutrition and agriculture. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010017
Hadebe, S. T., Modi, A. T., & Mabhaudhi, T. (2017). Drought Tolerance and Water Use of Cereal Crops: A Focus on Sorghum as a Food Security Crop in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 203(3), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12191
Hayat, N., Solomon, D., & Meseret, M. (2016). Chemical composition of scavenging feed resource of indigenous chickens. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences, 10(3), 182–188. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajas.2016.182.188
Huang, Q., Liu, X., Zhao, G., Hu, T., & Wang, Y. (2018). Potential and challenges of tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for farm animal production. Animal Nutrition, 4(2), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2017.09.004
Hulan, H. W., & Proudfoot, F. G. (1982). Nutritive value of sorghum grain for broiler chickens. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 62(3), 869–875.
Jacquie, J. (2018). Basic poultry nutrition. In articles.extension.org/basic-poultry-nutrition (pp. 109–112).
JM, K., Mbui, D., Mwaniki, J., & Mwaura, F. (2020). Proximate analysis of fruits and vegetables wastes from Nairobi County, Kenya. Research Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 5(1), 9–15. https://www.academia.edu/download/91067728/6B4AF42D2.pdf
Kazungu, F. K., Muindi, E. M., & Mulinge, J. M. (2023). Overview of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor. L), its Economic Importance, Ecological Requirements and Production Constraints in Kenya. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 62–71. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i12744
KEBS. (2021). KENYA STANDARD Compounded Indigenous (Kienyeji) Chicken Feed-Specification. http://www.kebs.org
Kerr’, B. J., & Kidd, E. (1999). Amino acid supplementation of low-protein broiler diets: 2. Formulation on an ideal amino acid basis. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 8(3), 310–320.
Khoddami, A., Messina, V., Vadabalija Venkata, K., Farahnaky, A., Blanchard, C. L., & Roberts, T. H. (2023). Sorghum in foods: Functionality and potential in innovative products. In Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (Vol. 63, Issue 9, pp. 1170–1186). Taylor and Francis Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1960793
Kryger, K. N., Thomsen, K. A., Whyte, M. A., & Dissing, M. (2010). Smallholder poultry production–livelihoods, food security and sociocultural significance. FAO Smallholder Poultry Production Paper, 4.
Kwari, I. D., Diarra, S. S., Igwebuike, J. U., Nkama, I., Issa, S., Hamaker, B. R., Hancock, J. D., Jauro, M., Seriki, O. A., & Murphy, I. (2012). Replacement value of low tannin sorghum (sorghum bicolor) for maize in broiler chickens’ diets in the semi-arid zone of Nigeria. International Journal of Poultry Science, 11(5), 333–337. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2012.333.337
Liu, S. Y., Fox, G., Khoddami, A., Neilson, K. A., Truong, H. H., Moss, A. F., & Selle, P. H. (2015). Grain Sorghum: A Conundrum for Chicken-Meat Production. Agriculture, 5(4), 1224–1251. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture5041224
Macharia, J., Ogolah, E., & Munyaneza, J. (2022). Indigenous Chicken Farming in Kenya: A Minireview of Genetic Resource, Production Systems, Constraints, and Opportunities. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genomics, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.12972/jabng.20220020
Manyelo, T. G., Ng’ambi, J. W., Norris, D., & Mabelebele, M. (2019). Influence of low-tannin sorghum on performance and bone morphometrics of male Ross 308 broilers aged 1 - 42 days. South African Journal of Animal Science, 49(3), 477–484. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v49i3.8
Masenya, T. I., Mlambo, V., & Mnisi, C. M. (2021). Complete replacement of maize grain with sorghum and pearl millet grains in Jumbo quail diets: Feed intake, physiological parameters, and meat quality traits. PLoS ONE, 16(3 March), e0249371. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249371
Mnisi, C. M., Oyeagu, C. E., Akuru, E. A., Ruzvidzo, O., & Lewu, F. B. (2023). Sorghum, millet and cassava as alternative dietary energy sources for sustainable quail production – A review. Frontiers in Animal Science, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/FANIM.2023.1066388/FULL
MoALF. (2016a). Climate Risk Profile for Busia. Kenya County Climate Risk Profile Series. The Kenya Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MoALF), Nairobi, Kenya.
MoALF. (2016b). Climate Risk Profile for Siaya. Kenya County Climate Risk Profile Series. The Kenya Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MoALF), Nairobi, Kenya.
Momoh, O., Egahi, J., Ogwuche, P., & Etim, V. (2010). Variation in nutrient composition of crop contents of scavenging local chickens in North Central Nigeria. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 1(5), 912–915. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2010.1.5.912.915
Moritz, A. H., Lumpkins, B., Mathis, G. F., Bridges, W. C., Wilson, S., Blair, M. E., Buresh, R. E., Strickland, J. R., & Arguelles-Ramos, M. (2023). Comparative efficacy of tannin-free grain sorghum varieties for the control of necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 102(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102300
Muremera, C., Ambula, M., & King’ori, A. (2022). Performance of improved indigenous grower chicken in Kenya fed enzyme-treated Moringa (M. oleifera) leaf meal-based diets. International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, 7(3), 48–52. https://doi.org/10.22271/veterinary.2022.v7.i3a.423
Muriu, J. I., Njoka-Njiru, E. N., Tuitoek, J. K., & Nanua, J. N. (2002). Evaluation of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) as Replacent for Maize in the Diet of Growing Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 15(4), 565–569.
Muui, C., Muasya, R., & Kirubi, D. (2013). Baseline survey on factors affecting sorghum production and use in eastern Kenya. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 13(1), 7339–7353.
Ofori, H., Amoah, F., Arah, I., & K, K. E. (2019). Proximate analysis and metabolizable energy of poultry feeds. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 14(5), 1027–1032. www.arpnjournals.com
Oke, F., Fafiolu, A., Jegede, A., Oduguwa, O., Adeoye, S., Olorunsola, R., & Muhammed, A. (2015). Performance and nutrient utilization of broilers fed Malted sorghum sprout (MSP) or wheat-offal based diets supplemented with yeast culture and enzyme. Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research, 5(3), 78– 84. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20153299697
Okpala, L. C., & Okoli, E. C. (2011). Formulation and Evaluation of Cookies Containing Germinated Pigeon Pea, Fermented Sorghum and Cocoyam Flour Blends using Mixture Response Surface Methodology. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 3(5), 366–375.
Osman, A., Abd El-Wahab, A., Ahmed, M. F. E., Buschmann, M., Visscher, C., Hartung, C. B., & Lingens, J. B. (2022). Nutrient Composition and In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics of Sorghum Depending on Variety and Year of Cultivation in Northern Italy. Foods, 11(20), 3255. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11203255
Raza, A., Bashir, S., & Tabassum, R. (2019). An update on carbohydrases: growth performance and intestinal health of poultry. HLY, 5, e01437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019
Saleh, A. A., Abudabos, A. M., Ali, M. H., & Ebeid, T. A. (2019). The effects of replacing corn with low-tannin sorghum in broiler’s diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities, lipid peroxidation and gene expressions related to growth and antioxidative properties. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 47(1), 532–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2019.1680377
Sanni, S., & Ogundipe, S. (2005). Some modules of poultry production in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 32(1), 102–107. https://njap.org.ng/index.php/njap/article/view/1056
Selle, P., Li, X., Bryden, W. L., Selle, P. H., Cadogan, D. J., & Bryden, W. L. (2010). Implications of sorghum in broiler chicken nutrition. Elsevier, 156(3–4), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.01.004
Shinda, C. A., Nthakanio, P. N., Gitari, J. N., Runo, S., Mukono, S., & Maina, S. (2022). Nutrient content of sorghum hybrid lines between Gadam and hard coat tannin sorghum cultivars. Food Science and Nutrition, 10(7), 2202–2212. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2830
Singh, M., Ruhnke, I., De Koning, C., Drake, K., Skerman, A. G., Hinch, G. N., & Glatz, P. C. (2017). Demographics and practices of semi-intensive free-range farming systems in Australia with an outdoor stocking density of≤ 1500 hens/hectare. Journals.Plos.OrgM Singh, I Ruhnke, C De Koning, K Drake, AG Skerman, GN Hinch, PC GlatzPLoS One, 2017•journals.Plos.Org, 12(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187057
SON. (2018). Standard for Poultry Feeds ICSXXX Price GroupX Approved by SON Governing Council STANDARDS ORGANISATION OF NIGERIA Plot 13/14 Victoria ArobiekeStreetNo. 52 LomeStreet Off AdmiraltyWay Wuse Zone7 Lekki Peninsula Scheme1 Abuja, NigeriaLekki, Lagos,Nigeria NO COPYING WITHOUT SON PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHTLAW.
Stipanuk, M. H. (2004). Sulfur amino acid metabolism: pathways for production and removal of homocysteine and cysteine. Annual Review of Nutrition, 24(1), 539–577. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132418
Tejeda, O. J., & Kim, W. K. (2021). Role of dietary fiber in poultry nutrition. In Animals (Vol. 11, Issue 2, pp. 1–16). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020461
Torres, K. A. A., Pizauro, J. M., Soares, C. P., Silva, T. G. A., Nogueira, W. C. L., Campos, D. M. B., Furlan, R. L., & Macari, M. (2013). Effects of corn replacement by sorghum in broiler diets on performance and intestinal mucosa integrity. Poultry Science, 92(6), 1564–1571. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02422
Wambua, S., Macharia, I., & Mwenjeri, G. (2022). Challenges and Opportunities in Improved Indigenous Chicken Production in Kenya. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal, 86(3 & 4), 10–10.
Williams, G. W., & Capps, O. (2020). Generic Promotion of Sorghum for Food and Industrial Uses. Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing, 32(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2018.1533510
Zubair, A. B., Ojo, M. O., Femi, F. A., Maxwell, Y. M. O., Isah, L. R., & Owheruo, J. O. (2023). Anti-Nutrients Composition of Starch Isolated from Red and White Sorghum Cultivars Subjected to Different Steeping Time. Asian Journal of Food Research and Nutrition, 2(4), 367–373. https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/102223
Copyright (c) 2024 Brenda Jemutai Kiptui, Eunice Akello Mewa, Harold Anindo Rachuonyo, Beatrice Ang’iyo Were, Benson Nyongesa, Samuel Gudu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
