Violence in the “Holy” Scriptures: Perspectives from the Old Testament

  • Helen Nambalirwa Nkabala Makerere University
Keywords: Violence, “Holy” Scriptures, Old Testament
Share Article:

Abstract

This article examines one of the key challenges of modern-day use of the Bible and the consequences that manifest. With the continued sprouting of new religious movements and independent churches, the media is awash with reports about self-styled prophets who base their teachings on literalistic understanding of scriptures. Consequently, such readings have been found to support violence in some instances. Citing examples of texts with a violent message in the Old Testament, this article calls for the need to face the reality that such texts are part of the “holy” scriptures and they have the potential to support and, in some cases, justify violence. The article argues that when confronted with such texts, readers and interpreters should desist from literalistic readings and instead lay emphasis on the consequences that come with such readings in order to determine whether they are acceptable in a specific community.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Taylor, C., “Interpretation and the sciences of man”, E.D. Klemke & al. (eds.): Introductory Readings in the Philosophy of Science. New York: Amherst, Prometheus (Books. 3. edition, 1998) pp. 110-127.

Spohn Klimke, W.C., What Are They Saying About Scripture and Ethics? (New York: Paulist Press, 2. Edition, 1995) 8. Masenya, M.J., How Worthy Is the Woman of Worth? Rereading Proverbs 31:10-31 in African-South Africa. New York: Peter Lang (Bible and Theology in Africa, 4, 2004). 22.

Baumann, G., “Hermeneutical perspectives on violence against women and on divine violence in German-speaking Old Testament exegesis”, K. Holter & L.C. Jonker (eds.): Global Hermeneutics? Reflections and Consequences. (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature 2010) 18; 22. Davies, E.W., The Immoral Bible: Approaches to Biblical Ethics. (New York: T&T Clark International 2010) 3.

Räisänen Raisanen, H., Challenges to Biblical Interpretation: Collected Essays 1991 2000. Leiden: Brill (Biblical Interpretation Series, 59, 2001) 201.

Niditch, S., War in the Hebrew Bible: A Study in the Ethics of Violence. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993) 3-4.

Lavik, M.H., “Killing children with God’s permission? The rhetoric of retaliation in Psalm 137”, B. Mæland (ed.): Culture, Religion, and the Reintegration of Female Child Soldiers in Northern Uganda. New York: Peter Lang Publishing (Bible and Theology in Africa Series, 10, 2010) 202.

Trible, P., Texts of Terror: Literary-Feminist Readings of Biblical Narratives. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984) 1.

Trible, Milind of Terror: Literary-Feminist Readings of Biblical Narratives. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984) 2.

Masenya, M.J., How Worthy Is the Woman of Worth? Rereading Proverbs 31:10-31 in African-South Africa. New York: Peter Lang (Bible and Theology in Africa, 4, 2004) 5.

Ibid., 2.

Dube, M.W.: Postcolonial Feminist Interpretation of the Bible. (St. Louis: Chalice Press, 2000) 3.

Dube, Ibid, 4-5, Njoroge, N.J., “The Bible and African Christianity: A curse or a blessing?”, M.W. Dube (ed.): Other Ways of Reading: African Women and the Bible. (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature 2001) 214.

McCullagh, C.B., “Can our understanding of old texts be objective?”, (History and Theory 30, 1991) 302-323.

Schüssler Fiorenza. E., “The ethics of biblical interpretation: Decentering Biblical Scholarship”, (Journal of Biblical Literature 107,1988) 15.

Schüssler Fiorenza. E., “The ethics of biblical interpretation: Decentering Biblical Scholarship”, (Journal of Biblical Literature 107,1988) 15.

Ibid, 16

Räisänen, H.: Challenges to Biblical Interpretation: Collected Essays 1991 2000. Leiden: Brill (Biblical Interpretation Series, 59, 2001) 23.

Brueggemann, W.: Theology of the Old Testament: Testimony, Dispute, Advocacy. (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1997).

Schüssler Fiorenza. E., “The ethics of biblical interpretation: Decentering Biblical Scholarship”, (Journal of Biblical Literature 107,1988) 15.; Schüssler, Fiorenza. E., Rhetoric and Ethic: The Politics of Biblical Studies. (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1999) 67.

Reference to the human rights is here made with the view that they are balanced with responsibilities. This is because I am aware of the fact that human rights are sometimes used selectively in accordance with economic and strategic interests (Küng, H. & Schmidt, H. eds., A Global Ethics and Global Responsibilities: Two Declarations. (London: SCM Press 1993) 76.

Masenya, M.J., How Worthy Is the Woman of Worth? Rereading Proverbs 31:10-31 in African-South Africa. New York: Peter Lang (Bible and Theology in Africa, 4, 2004).

Mbiti, J.S., Introduction to African Religion. (Nairobi: Heinemann, 1977) 1. West, G. O., “Mapping African Biblical Interpretation: A Tentative Sketch”, G. O. West & M.W. Dube (eds.): The Bible in Africa: Transactions, Trajectories and Trends. (Leiden: Brill, 2000) 43.

Räisänen, H., Challenges to Biblical Interpretation: Collected Essays 1991 2000. Leiden: Brill (Biblical Interpretation Series, 59, 2001) 191.

Räisänen, H., Challenges to Biblical Interpretation: Collected Essays 1991 2000. Leiden: Brill (Biblical Interpretation Series, 59, 2001) 192.

Efroymson, D. P., “The Patristic connection”, A. Davies (ed.): Anti-Semitism and the Foundation of Christianity. (New York: Paulist Press 1979) 108.

Räisänen, H., Challenges to Biblical Interpretation: Collected Essays 1991 2000. Leiden: Brill (Biblical Interpretation Series, 59, 2001) 192.

Leifeld, W.L., “Unity and diversity in the two testaments”, (Christian Brethren Review, 31, 32, 1982) 84.

Harnack, A. von, “Marcion”, translated by J.R. Harris & G. Schwab. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985) 202-203.

Bultmann, R., Existence and Faith: Shorter Writings of Rudolf Bultmann. Ed. by S. Ogden. (London: S.C.M., 1964) 163-165.

Smith-Christopher, D. L., Jonah, Jesus, and Other Good Coyotes: Speaking Peace to Power in the Bible. (Nashville: Abingdon, 2007) 169-170.

Fanon as cited in Smith-Christopher, D. L., Jonah, Jesus, and Other Good Coyotes: Speaking Peace to Power in the Bible. (Nashville: Abingdon, 2007) 171.

Anderson, B.W., Contours of Old Testament Theology. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1999) 171-180.

Archer, G.L., Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982) 121.

Martens, E.A., “Toward shalom: Absorbing the violence”, R. Hess & E.A. Martens (eds.): War in the Bible and Terrorism in the Twenty-first Century. (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2008) 44.

Schwartz, R. M., The Curse of Cain: The Violent Legacy of Monotheism. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997) 176.

Banana, C., “The case for a new Bible”, I. Mukonyora, J. L. Cox & F.J. Verstraelen, eds., Rewriting the Bible: The Real Issues. (Gweru: Mambo Press, 1993) 30. Banana is not only critical to violent texts but also to the view that the Bible contains experiences of one group to the exclusion of others

Schüssler Fiorenza. E., “The ethics of biblical interpretation: Decentering Biblical Scholarship”, (Journal of Biblical Literature 107,1988) 14.

Schüssler, Fiorenza. E., Rhetoric and Ethic: The Politics of Biblical Studies. (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1999) 28.

Barton, J., Understanding Old Testament Ethics: Approaches and Explorations. (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2003) 39.

Barton, J., Understanding Old Testament Ethics: Approaches and Explorations. (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2003) 38.

Baumann, G., “Hermeneutical perspectives on violence against women and on divine violence in German-speaking Old Testament exegesis”, K. Holter & L.C. Jonker (eds.): Global Hermeneutics? Reflections and Consequences. (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature 2010)17-24.

Cf. Smith-Christopher, D. L., Jonah, Jesus, and Other Good Coyotes: Speaking Peace to Power in the Bible. (Nashville: Abingdon, 2007), and Anderson, B.W., Contours of Old Testament Theology. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1999) 171-180.

Barr, J., Biblical Faith and Natural Theology. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993) 218.

Collins, J.J., Does the Bible Justify Violence? (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004) 30.

Bultmann, R., Existence and Faith: Shorter Writings of Rudolf Bultmann. Ed. by S. Ogden. (London: S.C.M, 1964), Schwartz, R. M., The Curse of Cain: The Violent Legacy of Monotheism. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), Banana, C., “The case for a new Bible”, I. Mukonyora, J. L. Cox & F.J. Verstraelen, eds., Rewriting the Bible: The Real Issues. (Gweru: Mambo Press, 1993).

Reed, S.A., “Critique of Canaan Banana’s call to rewrite the Bible”, (Religion & Theology 3, 1996) 288. Masenya, M.J., How Worthy Is the Woman of Worth? Rereading Proverbs 31:10-31 in African-South Africa. (New York: Peter Lang Bible and Theology in Africa, 4, 2004) 23.

Pallmeyer, N. J., Saving Christianity from Empire. (New York & London: Continuum. 2005), Johnson, L.T. “Lessons from pre-modern Biblical Scholarship”, (Henry Luce III Fellows in Theology Conference. Princeton, 2001), Collins, J.J., Does the Bible Justify Violence? (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004)., and Bauckham, R., The Bible in Politics: How to Read the Bible Politically. (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2. Edition, 2011).

Bauckham, R., The Bible in Politics: How to Read the Bible Politically. (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2. Edition, 2011) 4-5.

Barr, J., Biblical Faith and Natural Theology. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993) 218.

Published
12 April, 2022
How to Cite
Nkabala, H. (2022). Violence in the “Holy” Scriptures: Perspectives from the Old Testament. East African Journal of Traditions, Culture and Religion, 5(2), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajtcr.5.2.612