The Cultural Role of Civil Societies and the National Parliament in the Domestic Enforcement of International Laws on Corruption in Tanzania
Abstract
Social structures composed of active and responsible actors can be essential in curbing corruption. However, studies focusing on culture and corruption, especially in Africa, are scant. This article has focused on the role of culture in influencing anti-corruption efforts and enforcing international law on corruption in Tanzania. Using ethnography, the paper responds to two questions: What is the cultural role of civil societies and the media in influencing the domestic enforcement of international law? Furthermore, what is the cultural role of the Tanzanian legislature in influencing the domestic enforcement of international law? A cultural study can only be conducted after some time. It calls for a longitudinal study that considers a local context. In this regard, a case study research design has been used. The technique can explore issues over a long period and examine context-specific issues. Overall, the study's findings highlight the development of a unique culture among civil societies, which prompts the Parliament to create and formalize anti-corruption measures. The paper adds to international law, corruption, and culture scholarship
Downloads
References
Ackerman, S. R., & Palifka, B. J. (2016). Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform. New York: Cambridge University Press
Berelson, B. (1952). Content analysis in communications research. Free Press
Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Allyn & Bacon
Bierzanek, R., and Symonides, J. (2003). Prawo międzynarodowe publiczne, LexisNexis, Warszawa p. 13.
Buchan, R. (2013). International Law and the Construction of the Liberal Peace. Hart Publishing, Oxford
Buzan, B., & Hansen, L. (2009). The Evolution of International Security Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Chant, S (2007). Gender, Generation, and Poverty: Exploring the Feminisation of Poverty in Africa, Asia and Latin America, Massachusetts, Edward Elgar Publishing Inc.
Chant, S. H. (2007). Gender, generation, and poverty: exploring the feminization of poverty in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Charnovitz, S. (2006). Nongovernmental Organizations and International Law. American Journal of International Law, 100(1), 351–352.
Checkel, J. (1999). Norms, Institutions, and National Identity in Contemporary Europe. International Studies Quarterly, 43(1), 83-114.
Cook-Craig, P. G. (2010). Using Social Network Theory to Influence the Development of State and Local Primary Prevention Capacity-Building Teams. Journal of Family Social Work, 13(4), 313–325.
Cooter, R. D. (2000). Three Effects of Social Norms on Law: Expression, Deterrence, and Internalization. Oregon Law Review, 79(1), 1-23.
Cordova, T. (1998). Anti-colonial Chicana feminism. New Political Science, 20(4), 379–397.
Cornwall, A. (ed) (2005). Readings in Gender in Africa. USA, Indiana University Press.
Cortell, A., & Davis, J. (1996). How Do International Institutions, Matter? The Domestic Impact of International Rules and Norms. International Studies Quarterly, 40(4), 451-478.
Dei, G. J. S., & Kempf, A. (eds.) (2006). Anti-colonialism and education: The politics of resistance. Netherlands: Sense Publishers
Dei, G. J. S. (2006). Introduction: Mapping the terrain – towards a new politics of resistance. In: Dei, G.J.S. and Kempf, A. (eds.). Anti-colonialism and education: The politics of resistance. Netherlands: Sense Publishers, pp. 1–23.
Dei, G. J. S. (2006). Mapping the terrain–Towards a new politics of resistance. In Anti-colonialism and education (pp. 1-23). Brill.
Delorme, D. E., Zinkhan, G. M., & French, W. (2001). Ethics and Internet: issues associated with qualitative research. Journal of Business Ethics, 33(4), 271-286.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2000). Handbook of Qualitative Research. 2nd Ed. Sage Publications
Doyle, T. E. (2015). When liberal peoples turn into outlaw states: John Rawls' Law of Peoples and liberal nuclearism. Journal of International Political Theory, 11(2), 257–273.
Drisko, J. W., & Maschi, T. (2016). Content Analysis. Oxford University Press
Fjeldstad, O.-H. (2003). Fighting fiscal corruption: Lessons from the Tanzania Revenue Authority. Public Administration and Development, 23(2), 165-175.
Green, M. (2010). After Ujamaa? Cultures of Governance and the Representation of Power in Tanzania. Social Analysis, 54(1), 15–34.
Hafner-Burton, E. (2005). Trading Human Rights: How Preferential Trade Agreements Influence Government Repression. International Organization, 59(3), 593-629.
Haller, D., & Shore, C. (2005). Corruption Anthropological Perspectives. London: Pluto Press
Hamel, J., Dufourand, S., & Fortin, D. (1993). Case study methods. Sage Publications
Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (2007). Ethnography: Principles in Practice. 3rd ed. Routledge.
Harasymiw, B. (2019). Civil society as an anti-corruption actor in post-Euromaidan Ukraine. Canadian Slavonic Papers, 61(3), 288–320.
Hillebrecht, C. (2017). Compliance: Actors, Context and Causal Processes. In Research Handbook on the Politics of International Law (pp. 27-54). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Holmes, M. (2007). What is Gender? Sociological Approaches. SAGE Publications Ltd
Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Addison-Wesley
Hope, K. R. (2017). Corruption and Governance in Africa: Swaziland, Kenya, Nigeria. Springer International Publishing AG
Hosea, E. (2007). An Overview of the Bill on Prevention and Combating of Corruption Act (PCCA). Dar es Salaam: Prevention of Corruption Bureau -PCB
Insch, G. S., Moore, J. E., & Murphy, L. D. (1997). Content Analysis in Leadership Research: Examples, Procedures, and Suggestions for Future Use. Leadership Quarterly, 8, 1-25.
Janis, M. W. (2008). International Law. Aspen Publishers
Kapstein, E. B. & Converse, N. (2008). The Fate of Young Democracies. Cambridge University Press
Katzenstein, S. (2017). Non-state actors and human rights: legalization and transnational regulation. In Research Handbook on the Politics of International Law (pp. 336-365). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Kelley, J. (2004). International Actors on the Domestic Scene: Membership Conditionality and Socialization by International Institutions. International Organization, 58(3), 425-457.
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. 2nd ed. Sage Publications
LeCompte, D. M., & Schensul, J. J. (1999). Designing and Conducting Ethnography Research: Ethnographer's Toolkit. AltaMira Publications
Madaha, R. (2012). The Corruption Noose: Will Tanzania Ever Develop? Africa Review, 4(1), 48-64.
Madaha, R. (2014). Organized and gendered media advocacy at the centre of the feminist movement in a patriarchal Tanzania. Africa Review, 6(1), 18-29.
Madaha, R. (2018). Tribal corruption and preferential treatment: Contradictory African corrupt practices and Tanzania's progress. Africa at a Crossroads: the Continent's Future Prospects, 50, 198-226.
Mallya, E. (2005). Women NGOs and the Policy Process in Tanzania: The Case of The Land Act Of 1999. African Study Monographs, 26(4), 183-200.
Mercer, C., & Green, M. (2013). Making civil society work: Contracting, cosmopolitanism and community development in Tanzania. Geoforum, 45, 106–115.
Murdie, A., & Davis, D. (2012). Shaming and Blaming: Using Events Data to Assess the Impact of Human Rights INGOs. International Studies Quarterly, 56(1), 1-16.
Nagaraj, R., & Motiram, S. (2017). Political Economy of Contemporary India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Neuman W. L. (1994). Social Research Methods. 2nd ed. Allyn & Bacon
Nyanduga, B. T., & Manning, C. (2006). Guide to Tanzanian Legal System and Legal Research. <https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Tanzania.html>
Oppenheim, L. (2005). International Law. A Treatise, 3rd ed. eLawbook Exchange Ltd Clark) p. 10.
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. 2nd ed. Sage Publications
Press 92–138.
Policy Forum (2018). A review of the performance of Tanzania's Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau, 2007-16. <https://www.policyforum-tz.org/news/2018-12-07/review-performance-tanzanias-prevention-and-combating-corruption-bureau-2007-16>
Ruggie, J. G. (1998). What makes the world hang together? Neo-utilitarianism and the social constructivist challenge. International Organization, 52(4), 857–61.
Sandholtz, W., & Whytock, C. A. (2017). Research Handbook on the Politics of International Law. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc
Setiyono, B., & McLeod, R. H. (2010). Civil society organizations' contribution to the anti-corruption movement in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 46(3), 347-370.
Slagter, T. (2009). National Parliaments and the ECJ: A View from the Bundestag. Journal of Common Market Studies, 47(1), 175 -197.
Smith, D. J. (2007). A Culture of Corruption: Everyday Deception and Popular Discontent in Nigeria. New Jersey: Princeton University Press
Spiro, P. J. (2013). Nongovernmental organizations in international relations (theory). Interdisciplinary perspectives on international law and international relations: The state of the art, 223-43.
Squatrito, T. (2016). Domestic Legislatures and International Human Rights Law: Legislating on Religious Symbols in Europe. Journal of Human Rights, 15 (4), 550- 570.
Teson, F. R. (1998). a Philosophy of International Law. Colorado: Westview Press
U4 Anti-Corruption Centre (2009). An overview of corruption in Tanzania. U4 Expert Answer on Corruption.
UN (2003). United Nations Convention Against Corruption. Viena: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
UN General Assembly, United Nations Declaration against Corruption and Bribery in International Commercial Transactions: resolution / adopted by the General Assembly, (November 23, 2013, A/RES/51/191) https://www.refworld.org/docid/5290addf4.html
UNDP, (2007). Governance and Anti-Corruption. <http://www.tz.undp.org/dg_proj_dg_intro.html> (Last accessed January 11, 2008]
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). (2009). What Is Good Governance? UNESCAP. <http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/gg/governance.asp>
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2010). Official Website at http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/signatories.html
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2008. Corruption in Tanzania and Government Measures Against it: Handout prepared by Charles Nakembetwa Iringa Regional Bureau Chief PCB. Iringa
URT (1996). Report of the Presidential Commission on Corruption. Unpublished Report. Dar es Salaam: President's Office
Verdier, P. H., & Versteeg, M. (2016). Modes of domestic incorporation of international law. Handbook on the Politics of International Law (Edward Elgar, 2016), Forthcoming, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper, (15).
Wendt, A. (1999). Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge University, Cambridge
Whitaker, M. P. (1996). Ethnography as Learning: A Wittgeinsteinian Approach to Writing Ethnography Accounts. Anthropology Quarterly 69(1), 1-13.
Widlak, T. (2012). From International Society to International Community: The Constitution Evolution of International Law. Gdańsk University Press
Wolcott, H. R. (2008). Ethnography: A Way of Seeing. 2nd ed. AltaMira Publications
Woodrum, J. (1984). Mainstreaming Content Analysis in Social Science: Methodology, Advantages, Obstacles and Solutions. Social Science Research, 13 (1), 1–19.
Woods, P. (1987). Ethnography at the Crossroads: A Reply to Hammersley. British Educational Research Journal, 13(3), 297-307.
Yin, R. K. (2014). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Washington DC: Sage
Yin, R. K. (2002a). Applications of Case Study Research. 2nd ed. SAGE Publications
Yin, R. K. (2002b). Case Study Research: Design and Methods; Applied Social Research Methods. 3rd Edition, SAGE Publications
Yunus, M. (2007). Creating a World Without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism. Perseus Books Group
Copyright (c) 2023 Rasel M. Madaha, PhD
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
