Prevalence of Depression among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) at the Kenyatta National Hospital.
Abstract
Background: Depression is a common comorbidity among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Preceding studies indicates that this condition causes increased mortality and is also linked to poor quality of life. The study aimed to establish the occurrence of depression among patients with chronic kidney disease in Kenyatta National Hospital in Kenya. Method: The study was carried out at the Kenyatta National Hospital in Kenya. The study was done at the renal unit and general medical wards of the hospital and was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The study enrolled 289 patients with CKD who met the inclusion criteria on follow up for kidney transplant and dialysis at the renal unit, those on outpatient follow up at the renal clinic and patients with CKD admitted in the medical wards. The participants were enrolled using systematic random sampling. They were then interviewed using a researcher designed a socio-demographic questionnaire with clinical characteristics and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. IBM Statistics Software Version 21 was used to analyse data and the results reported in narratives, tables and charts. Results: A total of 169(58.5%) participants were male, while 120 (41.5%) were female. Study participants had a mean age of 45.9 years. The prevalence of depression (borderline clinical depression to extreme depression) was found to be 28.4%. 24.9% of participants had mild mood disturbances and 46.7% did not have depression. The most common symptoms of depression among the participants were loss of energy as reported by 78.5% of them and increased fatigue which was reported by 77.9% of the research participants. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of depression among patients with CKD and patients should be managed effectively for CKD and any other co-existing comorbidity to improve their health outcomes and their quality of life.
Downloads
References
Amira, O. (2011). Prevalence of symptoms of depression among patients with chronic kidney disease. Nigerian Journal of clinical practice, 14(4), 460-463.
Bahall, M., Legall, G., Khan, K. (2020). Quality of life among patients with cardiac disease: the impact of comorbid depression. Health and quality of life outcomes, 18(1):1-0.
Bautovich, A., Katz, I., Smith, M., Loo, C. K., & Harvey, S. B. (2014). Depression and chronic kidney disease: A review for clinicians. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(6), 530-541.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) (Vol. 10, p. s15327752jpa6703_13). Pearson.
Chiang, H. H., Guo, H. R., Livneh, H., Lu, M. C., Yen, M. L., & Tsai, T. Y. (2015). Increased risk of progression to dialysis or death in CKD patients with depressive symptoms: A prospective 3-year follow-up cohort study. Journal of psychosomatic research, 79(3), 228-232.
Couser, W. G., Remuzzi, G., Mendis, S., & Tonelli, M. (2011). The contribution of chronic kidney disease to the global burden of major noncommunicable diseases. Kidney international, 80(12), 1258-1270.
Da Silva Junior, G. B., de Oliveira Barbosa, A. M., da Silva, G. P. F., da Silva, L. N., Lima, G. R., Santana, C. C., ... & Araújo, S. M. H. A. (2017). Depressive symptoms in chronic kidney disease: A comparison between patients on dialysis versus conservative treatment. Nefrología Latinoamericana, 14(4), 153-159.
Dhondup, T., Kittanamongkolchai, W., Vaughan, L. E., Mehta, R. A., Chhina, J. K., Enders, F. T., Hickson, L. J., Lieske, J. C., & Rule, A. D. (2018). Risk of ESRD and Mortality in Kidney and Bladder Stone Formers. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 72(6), 790–797. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.06.012
Dixon, J. (Ed.). (2016). Social welfare in Africa. Routledge.
Farragher, J. F., Polatajko, H. J., & Jassal, S. V. (2017). The relationship between fatigue and depression in adults with end-stage renal disease on chronic in-hospital haemodialysis: a scoping review. Journal of pain and symptom management, 53(4), 783-803.
Fischer, M. J., Kimmel, P. L., Greene, T., Gassman, J. J., Wang, X., Brooks, D. H., Charleston, J., Dowie, D., Thornley-Brown, D., Cooper, L. A., Bruce, M. A., Kusek, J. W., Norris, K. C., Lash, J. P., & AASK Study Group (2011). Elevated depressive affect is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes among African Americans with chronic kidney disease. Kidney international, 80(6), 670– 678. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.153
Ganu, V. J., Boima, V., Adjei, D. N., Yendork, J. S., Dey, I. D., Yorke, E., Mate-Kole, C. C., & Mate-Kole, M. O. (2018). Depression and quality of life in patients on long term hemodialysis at a nationalhospital in Ghana: a cross-sectional study. Ghana medical journal, 52(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v52i1.5
Gregg, L. P., Carmody, T., Le, D., Martins, G., Trivedi, M., & Hedayati, S. S. (2020). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Depression and Protein–Energy Wasting in Kidney Disease. Kidney international reports, 5(3), 318-330.
Hawamdeh, S., Almari, A. M., Almutairi, A. S., & Dator, W. L. T. (2017). Determinants and prevalence of depression in patients with chronic renal disease, and their caregivers. International journal of nephrology and renovascular disease, 10, 183.
Hedayati, S. S., Minhajuddin, A. T., Afshar, M., Toto, R. D., Trivedi, M. H., & Rush, A. J. (2010). Association between major depressive episodes in patients with chronic kidney disease and initiation of dialysis, hospitalisation, or death. Jama, 303(19), 1946-1953.
Jahrami, H., Saif, Z., AlHaddad, M., Hammad, L., Ali, B. (2020). Assessing dietary and lifestyle risk behaviours and their associations with disease comorbidities among patients with depression: A case-control study from Bahrain. Heliyon, 6(6):e04323.
Kenya Population and Housing Census. (2019). Distribution of Population by Administrative Units. KNBS. Vol. II. http://www.knbs.or.ke.
Khan, A., Khan, A. H., Adnan, A. S., Sulaiman, S. A. S., & Mushtaq, S. (2019). Prevalence and predictors of depression among haemodialysis patients: a prospective follow-up study. BMC public health, 19(1), 1-13.
Kokoszka, A., Leszczyńska, K., Radzio, R., Daniewska, D., Łukasiewicz, A., Orzechowski, W. M., ... & Gellert, R. (2016). Prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders in dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease. Arch Psychiatry Psychother, 1, 8-13.
Liu, X., Yang, X., Yao, L., Zhang, Q., Sun, D., Zhu, X., Xu, T., Liu, Q., & Wang, L. (2017). Prevalence and related factors of depressive symptoms in hemodialysis patients in northern China. BMC psychiatry, 17(1), 128. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1294-2
Loosman, W. L., Rottier, M. A., Honig, A., & Siegert, C. E. (2015). Association of depressive and anxiety symptoms with adverse events in Dutch chronic kidney disease patients: a prospective cohort study. BMC nephrology, 16(1), 1-8.
Mosleh, H., Alenezi, M., Alsani, A., Fairaq, G., & Bedaiwi, R. (2020). Prevalence and factors of anxiety and depression in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis: A cross sectional single-center study in Saudi Arabia. Cureus, 12(1).
Musyimi, C. W., Mutiso, V. N., Nayak, S. S., Ndetei, D. M., Henderson, D. C., & Bunders, J. (2017). Quality of life of depressed and suicidal patients seeking services from traditional and faith healers in rural Kenya. Health and quality of life outcomes, 15(1), 1-10.
Naing, L., Winn, T. B. N. R., & Rusli, B. N. (2006). Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies. Archives of orofacial Sciences, 1, 9-14.
Ndetei, D. M., Khasakhala, L. I., Kuria, M. W., Mutiso, V. N., Ongecha-Owuor, F. A., & Kokonya, D. A. (2009). The prevalence of mental disorders in adults in different level general medical facilities in Kenya: a cross-sectional study. Annals of general psychiatry, 8(1), 1-8.
Palmer, S., Vecchio, M., Craig, J. C., Tonelli, M., Johnson, D. W., Nicolucci, A., Pellegrini, F., Saglimbene, V., Logroscino, G., Fishbane, S., & Strippoli, G. F. (2013). Prevalence of depression in chronic kidney disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Kidney international, 84(1), 179– 191. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.77
Sfyrkou, C. (2015). Psychological distress and multimorbidity in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Shirazian, S., Grant, C. D., Aina, O., Mattana, J., Khorassani, F., & Ricardo, A. C. (2017). Depression in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: similarities and differences in diagnosis, epidemiology, and management. Kidney international reports, 2(1), 94-107.
Copyright (c) 2022 Angeline Mutindi Kioko, PhD, Teresia Ndilu Mutavi, PhD, Pius Akivanga Kigamwa, PhD
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
