Prevalence and Factors Associated with Neonatal Sepsis in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review and Synthesis of Evidence (2020–2025)

Abstract

The impact of neonatal sepsis in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains high, with high rates of mortality and admission rates within neonatal intensive care units. The realisation of the Sustainable Development Goal target for zero neonatal deaths in 2030 requires a strict comprehension of the prevalence and risk factors associated with neonatal sepsis among populations within SSA. A considerable proportion of global rates of under-five mortality is attributed to SSA, with neonatal sepsis being among the most common causes of mortality. The main objective of this research will be to map out the understanding surrounding neonatal sepsis with reference to prevalence rates and risk factors associated with sepsis among neonates within low- and middle-income countries within SSA. A scoping review of previously conducted research studies within the sub-Saharan region will be conducted, with research published within the last ten years being given priority. The review findings highlighted that prevalence rates for neonatal sepsis within SSA range between 36% and 41%, with the main risk factors including maternal STIs, low weight at birth, prolonged ROM, intrapartum fever, preterm birth, low Apgar scores, and infection control practices. Through explorative detail, this review has adequately defined the prevailing understanding of neonatal sepsis by shedding light on regional risk factors and prevalence rates. With this understanding, policymakers and other related stakeholders will be well informed on the need to improve antenatal testing, infection prevention and control, intrapartum and delivery practices, and neonatal resuscitation practices as preventative measures against sepsis. Furthermore, there should be efforts toward changes within policy and research within local and national contexts to address risk factors among mothers and neonates.