East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry

Factors Influencing Investments in Tectona grandis and Pinus patula Tree Seeds Production in Tanzania

2025-01-15T17:25:45+02:00

Investments in Tectona grandis and Pinus patula seeds have had a significant role in the economic growth of the forest sector in the World. Investors not only provide capital but also facilitate access to international markets, management and organizational abilities, as well as advanced and efficient technologies. This study investigated the main factors influencing investments in tree seed production focusing mainly on Tectona grandis and Pinus patula seeds. The study assessed the factors that attract or discourage investors from investing in the production of Tectona grandis and Pinus patula seeds. A purposive sampling design was employed for selecting species and study sites. Data were collected using mixed techniques including Key Informants’ Interviews (KII), Focus Group Discussions (FGD), researcher’s direct observation and literature review. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed using various techniques. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS (version 23.0) and Excel programs. In addition, descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the collected data. Findings indicate that the availability of market information and favourable government policies and regulations were among the factors attracting investors in the tree seeds production industry. On the other hand, unavailability of market information, unfavourable government policy and regulation, inadequate awareness of the tree seeds production value chain and the longtime nature of tree seeds investment were factors discouraging investors from engaging in the tree seeds industry. Further, factors influencing tree seed price setting include demand for seeds, quality of seeds and costs of production. Investors require a substantial amount of information that could guarantee safety and a favourable business environment to enable easy control of tree seed business risks and uncertainties. Tree seeds market and production value chain information should therefore be provided to investors through various media. In order to regulate and protect the tree seeds sector in the country, the Government policies and regulations pertaining to tree seeds should be enacted

A Framework for Interdisciplinary Research Methodology in Agroforestry: A Review

2025-02-06T17:40:21+02:00

This paper provides a framework for interdisciplinary research (IDR) methodology in agroforestry, motivated by a general belief that by drawing information from different fields and employing different methodologies, a broad understanding of an existing issue can be achieved. Literature from four scientific paradigms was reviewed to recommend a suitable paradigm for IDR in agroforestry. We promote a pluralistic approach around the concept of ‘what works’ such that agroforestry research and extension focus on applications of techniques to solve a problem. The study suggests a framework for IDR in the context of developing countries by modifying an existing Methodology for Interdisciplinary Research (MIR) framework that was developed to help cross disciplinary borders, especially those between the natural sciences and the social sciences. The existing framework is however limited to real-life applications in teaching and research. We contend that agroforestry research should be seen to benefit the rural poor, foster innovation and farm productivity to feed the growing world population and help farmers adapt to the changing climate. The suggested IDR framework therefore caters for extension and feedback mechanisms, that appear to be the missing link between research and education. The new framework further provides for social relevance and the generation of data for informing policy decisions relating to sustainable agriculture. The paper also highlights the main barriers and opportunities for implementing IDR in agroforestry. The current and future global complex agricultural challenges require experts with interdisciplinary experience. Therefore, interdisciplinary research in agroforestry must increasingly become the standard rather than the exception because the approaches needed and the implications of agroforestry research are by their very nature interdisciplinary.

Forest Cover Dynamics in Ngarama North Forest Reserve, Kilwa District, Tanzania

2025-02-17T18:54:07+02:00

Understanding forest cover dynamics is important for supporting Sustainable Forest Management strategies and implementing climate change mitigation policies. Remote sensing and geospatial analysis play a critical role in mapping and characterizing forest conditions in protected areas. In Tanzania, where management practices have evolved over decades, remote sensing is essential for assessing their effectiveness. Ngarama North Forest Reserve, which transitioned its management regime from the Forestry and Beekeeping Division (FBD) to the Tanzania Forest Service Agency (TFS), has been affected by this transformation. However, no prior study has evaluated the impact of this management shift on forest cover conditions. This study used Landsat imagery from 2000, 2010, and 2020 to classify forest cover via supervised image classification with the random forest algorithm on Google Earth Engine and monitored the rate of change in forest cover classes over time. Additionally, Key informant interviews and focus group discussions with forest officials and nearby forest communities provided insights into drivers of forest cover change, complementing the spatial data obtained. The results show that in 2000, the forest comprised 33.47% closed forest, 40.99% open forest, 21.61% bushland, and 3.94% bare land. By 2010, these proportions shifted to 16.19%, 57.30%, 23.47%, and 3.03% respectively. In 2020, the proportions changed again to 39.29%, 26.70%, 30.02%, and 3.99% respectively. These shifts suggest a complex interplay of environmental management, land use changes, and ecological responses. The key drivers behind these trends include illegal logging, uncontrolled wildfires, grazing, hunting, farming and natural factors. The findings of this study show that forest conditions have significantly improved over time due to the shift in management regime from FBD to TFS. This study provides crucial insights for sustainable forest management strategies and climate change mitigation policies by demonstrating the positive impact of management regime changes on forest conditions over time.

Economic Analysis of Integrated Harvesting Relative to Conventional Harvesting on a Pinus patula Stand in Tanzania

2025-03-08T14:35:00+02:00

The conversion of a standing tree into a usable product is a very important activity and studies have shown that it is highly affected by the conversion costs which are associated with the whole plan (harvesting and processing). The economic aspects of forest harvesting are multifaceted and require careful consideration. Two harvesting systems were compared; first, Conventional Harvesting (CH) in this study means harvesting and processing of logs where only large diameter parts of the trees are utilized and mostly the small diameter parts are discarded causing loss of resources. Second, integrated harvesting (IH) in this study means the harvesting and processing of logs which are sorted according to end use allowing maximum utilization of the wood to the smallest diameter parts. This study aimed to determine the overall economics of forest conversion on tree felling and processing systems, specifically to determine the costs and revenue associated with IH and CH, with the factors influencing the choice of a felling and processing system. A study was done at FWITIC, a processing industry in the southern highlands, and data was collected through key informant interviews. The findings indicate higher total costs with IH ($2379) than CH ($1544), but also lower unit costs (84.37 US$/m3 for IH) and (100.3 US$/m3 for CH). The costs are topped by the revenue generated from each harvesting system of 177.222 US$/m3 for IH compared to 128.3 US$/m3 for CH, giving a benefit of 28.2 US$/m3 with CH and 92.84 US$/m3. The costs, benefits and time taken during the harvesting operations inform more on the influence on the selection of a harvesting and processing system

Impact of Different Agro-Forestry Systems on Cocoa Diseases among Smallholder Farmers in Bundibugyo District – Western Uganda

2025-03-17T10:36:51+02:00

The Cocoa Agroforestry system integrates cocoa with high-value tree species and crops, providing additional income for farmers. In the Bundibugyo district, where cocoa is a primary livelihood, recent declines in cocoa production have been linked to diseases. This study evaluated the impact of various Agroforestry systems on cocoa diseases among smallholder farmers in Bundibugyo. Data were collected from four administrative units using a cross-sectional design with purposive sampling of 92 respondents. Household interviews, questionnaires, photographs, data sheets, and observations enriched the study. Findings revealed no correlation between Black Pod disease and Cocoa Agroforestry systems. However, Witches’ Broom and Frost Pod Root diseases significantly influenced cocoa production, while Cocoa dieback showed no significance. Cocoa diseases were more prevalent during the rainy season (72%), followed by the dry season (26%), and year-round (7%). Shade diversity impacted disease incidence, with medium shade systems (shade diversity 2-3) experiencing the highest disease impact (90%) compared to lower diversity systems (9%). Additionally, cocoa pod borer was identified as a significant pest, while cocoa pod rot emerged as a major disease. The study highlights the critical influence of specific agroforestry practices and shade diversity on managing cocoa pests and diseases in Bundibugyo.

The Extent of Forest Recovery from the Previous Disturbances in the Magombera Nature Forest Reserve, Tanzania

2025-03-26T11:33:08+02:00

There is an increased interest in understanding the rate of forest recovery from previous disturbances. This information is helpful for the formulation of better conservation strategies for the respective forest reserves. This study aimed to assess the extent of forest recovery from the previous disturbances in the Magombera Nature Forest Reserve (MNFR) located in Kilombero District, Morogoro region, Tanzania. Specifically, the study assessed the current status of; i) woody species diversity and regeneration, ii) soil quality (Texture, pH, Bulk Density and Soil Organic Carbon), and iii) vegetation cover in comparison with the previous cover before it was upgraded to nature forest reserve in 2019. Vegetation data were collected from 46 concentric sample plots of 0.071ha established systematically across the forest area of 2,623 ha; soil samples were collected from 24 plots systematically with an interval of one plot to a depth of 0 – 30 cm. Vegetation cover analysis spans from year 2016 to 2022. The results indicated that a total of 352 plant species (trees = 170, herbs = 63, grasses = 43, shrubs =42, climbers =15, sedges = 14 and lianas =5) which belong to 109 plant families were identified. The diversity status of trees and herbs was higher compared to other life forms (H’ values range from 3.12 to 4.09). Average soil characteristics were bulk density =1.59, soil texture = Sandy Clay Loam, soil pH =4.58 and soil organic carbon=0.95 indicating soil has a good quality supporting the growth of a variety of plant species. There was a significant improvement in vegetation cover with a gain of 11% in close forest area from the year 2019 after being upgraded to a nature reserve. Generally, these results show that MNFR has recovered from the previous disturbances and the quality of the forests has increased. Efforts to continue protecting the forest against any further disturbances to uphold the current healthier status of the forest are recommended.

Enrichment Planting to Supplement Natural Regeneration of Valuable Timber Resources and African Blackwood in a Community-Managed Forest of Tanzanian Miombo Woodland

2025-03-26T14:08:07+02:00

African Blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon), locally known as Mpingo in Swahili, is a tree species of critical importance in Tanzania, particularly for crafting woodwind instruments such as clarinets and oboes. However, its natural population is declining due to the imbalance between its slow growth rate and high industrial demand for timber. While natural regeneration remains essential for sustaining this species, planting offers a strategic method to supplement resources. Enrichment planting in forest gaps presents a promising approach to integrating conservation with community-based forestry. This study aimed to develop an enrichment planting method to supplement the natural regeneration of African Blackwood (ABW) in local forests. A 1.5-ha permanent plot was established in a community forest, and 1,503 nursery-raised seedlings (aged over six months) were transplanted at a spacing of 2 m × 2 m. Growth and survival were monitored over five years. Results showed a survival rate of approximately 62% after five years, with a maximum seedling height of 320 cm. The observed survival and growth performance were moderate compared to other Dalbergia species’ enrichment planting experiments in monoculture plantations. Growth performance varied spatially, with significant correlations between seedling growth and environmental factors such as soil pH and vegetation structure. These findings demonstrate that enrichment planting holds the potential for sustainable ABW resource conservation in natural forests. Although further long-term monitoring is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness fully, this approach offers a viable strategy for enhancing tree resources and biodiversity in community-managed forests while supporting local development and conservation goals.

Effect of Human Activities on Woody Species Diversity, Composition, Structure, and Carbon Storage in a Dry Miombo Woodland Site, Tanzania

2025-03-27T14:29:20+02:00

The effects of human activities on forest conditions in many forest reserves in Tanzania are well-acknowledged but inadequately studied. The absence of this information creates a challenge in planning for proper management and conservation of these reserves. This study assessed the effect of human activities on woody species composition, diversity, structure, and carbon stocks of Kitulanghalo catchment forest reserve managed by the Tanzania Forest Services Agency (TFS), located in Morogoro district, Tanzania. Data were collected from 30 concentric sample plots of 0.071 ha established systematically in the forest area of 2,038 ha at the distance of 800 m and 800 m between transects. Species diversity was analysed using the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’) while wood volume and biomass were calculated using developed allometric equations for Miombo woodlands. The effect of human activities on species diversity was determined using linear regression models. Results show that trees and shrubs with Dbh ≥1cm comprise 80 plant species and those with <1cm Dbh consist of 34 plant species. Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’) for <1cm Dbh was 3.35 and for ≥1cm Dbh was 3.73, indicating the forest has high species diversity. Stem density for trees and shrubs with ≥1cm Dbh was 2 199 ± 1 325 stemsha-1, basal area of 7.61 ± 4.47 m2ha-1, standing volume of 56.25 ± 35.03 m3ha-1, above ground carbon stocks of 18.97±11.84 MgCha-1 and below ground carbon stocks of 9.81 ± 5.71 MgCha-1. Four major human disturbances namely charcoal making, fire, illegal logging, grazing, and erosion were identified in the study area. The harvested stems composed of 21 species with an estimated lost volume of 5.94 ± 4.47 m3ha-1 equivalent to the loss of above-ground biomass of 4.60 ± 3.43 Mgha-1 and carbon stocks of 2.30 ± 1.72 MgCha-1. Among the human disturbances found in the reserve, grazing activities were found to significantly lower the tree species diversity with a p-value <0.05. Preparation of plans to promote the management and conservation of biodiversity and carbon stocks found in the reserve is recommended

Non-Tree Woody Plant Species Composition and Structure. A Case Study of Gidabwanja Forest Reserve (GFR) in Hanang’i District, Northern Tanzania

2025-03-31T18:37:47+02:00

The determination of non-tree woody plant species composition and structure was conducted at Gidabwanja Forest Reserve vegetation types in the Hanang'i district. Plots of 20 m x 20 m were established whereby shrubs and lianas were identified for their botanical names and counted for their individuals. RA and RD were calculated. A total of 40 non-tree woody plant species were identified during this study, and of those, 29 were shrubs, while 11 were woody climbers. Most non-tree woody plants were identified in bushland (34) followed by woodland (19), and the least number was recorded in shrubland. The calculated H′ at shrub land of 0. 352 implied low shrub and woody climbers diversity. The calculated mean H′ of 1.605 in woodland implied high diversity within this vegetation type. The calculated H′ mean of 1.607 from the overall total of 4.82 entails high diversity as the high H′ ranges from 3.5 ±1.5 or beyond but not exceeding H′ of 5 within the same growth forms of plants. The plant species with the highest RA is judged to be the most abundant within the specified locality. The plant species with the highest RD occupy the largest land size in the locality. The mean H′ of ≥1.5 of Gidabwanja Forest Reserve revealed high non-tree woody plant species. The non-tree woody plant species composition and structure are sampled in the established sample plots within the specified study area. Gidabwanja Forest Reserve has potential regarding vegetation species demanding high conservation attention. Further study is required to assess the conditions of all biological species in the Gidabwanja Forest Reserve and upgrade the forest reserve to a nature reserve, conservation awareness creation, and regular patrolling along the boundaries of the forest reserve.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Liquidambar styraciflua as a Potential Timber Tree for Kenya

2025-05-16T16:55:37+02:00

The wood of 38-year-old Liquidambar styraciflua grown in a provenance trial plot in Kenya was studied to determine its physical and mechanical properties as well as the relationship between the modulus of rupture (MOR) and static modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the timber. Mechanical properties determined were MOE, MOR, compression strength parallel to grain, shear strength parallel to grain and Janka hardness. Physical properties determined were moisture content and specific gravity. Physical and mechanical properties of small clear specimens from the L. styraciflua were determined according to British Standards (BS 373:1957) using the Universal Strength Testing Machine. The results were analysed using R statistical software (Version 4.4.2). Three trees were sampled, one from each of the three best-performing L. styraciflua provenances, from trials established in 1986 in Lugari Forest Station, Kakamega County, in western Kenya. The sampled trees were from Honduras, Nicaragua and Guatemala provenances. Tree 1 (Honduras provenance) had the highest average strength for all the properties tested. Tree 6 (Guatemala provenance) had the lowest average strength for MOE, compression strength parallel to grain and hardness. Tree 3 (Nicaragua provenance) had the lowest average strength for MOR. Trees 3 and 6 had similar average strength for shear parallel to the grain. Variations in the strength of the three trees may have been due to their different specific gravities. Average strength values for MOE, MOR, compression strength parallel to the grain, shear strength parallel to the grain, and Janka hardness were 12,399 MPa, 106.3 MPa, 52.3 MPa, 16.6 MPa and 5.8 kN, respectively. There was a significant correlation at 5% significance level (P<2.2e-16) between the MOR and MOE of L. styraciflua; the correlation coefficient was 0.7. Machine strength grading may be suitable for the Liquidambar timber due to its relatively high correlation coefficient. Liquidambar styraciflua from this study had superior properties compared to those of the current plantation species in Kenya; cypress, pines and eucalyptus. This study therefore recommends L. styraciflua as a suitable tree species for plantation growing for sawn timber in Kenya. In Kenya, L. styraciflua provenance trials were conducted at an altitude of 1,600 m above sea level. Provenance trials in lower altitudes could also be established to determine the growing range of L. styraciflua within Kenya. Further research to determine the physical and mechanical properties of graded structural timber from the species is necessary for design purposes. Additional studies are also required to assess the wood’s susceptibility and resistance to biological agents.

Community Forest Associations as Pathways to Forest Landscape Restoration: A Mediational Analysis of Defining Factors in the Kakamega Forest Landscape, Kenya

2025-05-09T19:29:17+02:00

Forest landscape restoration needs to involve local people and other stakeholders to be successful. The adoption of forest landscape restoration could thus be augmented through community-based institutions such as community forest associations. The role of community forest associations in the adoption of forest landscape restoration is, however, influenced by various mediating factors. Understanding these mediating factors is thus key to enhancing the adoption of forest landscape restoration. However, no studies have done a mediational analysis of the factors that mediate the relationship between membership in community forest associations and the adoption of forest landscape restoration. This study, therefore, aims to analyse the factors that mediate the relationship between membership in community forest associations and the adoption of forest landscape restoration. The study used a descriptive study design and a multistage sampling design. Data collection was done using Key Informant Interviews, Focus Group Discussions, and a household questionnaire survey. Mediational analysis was done using Sobel’s Test. The study found that various factors had a positive mediating effect on the relationship between membership in community forest associations and the adoption of forest landscape restoration, including involvement in off-farm income-generating activities, household size, forest dependency, and the suitability of forest management laws and bylaws. Other factors had a negative mediating effect on the relationship between membership in community forest associations and the adoption of forest landscape restoration, including perception of climate change and occurrence of conflicts over forest resources. The results of the study will help in the development of policies, strategies, and actions meant to promote forest landscape restoration practices by improving the effectiveness of community forest associations as pathways for their adoption and scale-up

Forest Management Tool for Estimating Growth and Yield Stand Parameters in Pine Plantations. A Case of Sao Hill Forest Plantation

2025-05-21T09:59:09+02:00

This study presents the Forest Inventory Tool (FIT), designed for estimating and forecasting stand volume, growth, yield, and tree size distribution for Pinus patula plantations in Tanzania. The tool is designed to accommodate growth dynamics changes associated with the manipulation of management practices. Implementing management plans is often hindered by challenges such as budgetary constraints, weather state and market fluctuations often disrupt the implementation of management plans. These disruptions may lead to the omission of critical practices like thinning and harvesting, resulting in discrepancies between the analysed and forecasted metrics in the management plan and the actual stand state. The tool addresses these challenges by automating data processing, enabling real-time updates, and reducing reliance on manual analysis to update the stand structure that is prone to error. The FIT development followed the standard forest management prescriptions outlined in the forest management plan, which directs the five-year operations (e.g. thinning, pruning, planting and clear-felling). It was designed using Excel VBA to integrate inventory data with management prescriptions. Forest data were collected through stratified systematic sampling across 60 compartments. The FIT applies yield models to forest inventory data to inform forest structure and forecast its development under different management practices. The tool generates key stand parameters for forest management, including an overview of the plantation, stand summaries for a five-year management plan, and dynamic updates on plantation status. It provides an automated solution for managing plantations by supporting decision-making. It is recommended that the tool be expanded to support a broader range of species and be developed into an app or web-based platform to improve its applicability across different forest types and ensure remote access.

Assessment of the Sustainability of Forest Certification in Village Land Forest Reserves in Southern Tanzania

2025-06-06T16:26:25+02:00

Certification aims to improve the environmental, economic, and governance by ensuring market access for certified forest products, improving control of logging operations, reducing illegal harvesting, and increasing the transfer of funds to forest management, which consequently ensures sustainability. This study conducted an assessment in selected Village Land Forest Reserves (VLFR) in Pwani, Lindi, and Ruvuma regions in southern Tanzania to examine the sustainability of the Forest Certification Scheme (FSC). Data were collected through a review of reports, management plans, and harvesting plans. Other methods included household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis, while quantitative data were analyzed descriptively and using NPV and sensitivity to estimate the economic profitability and viability of certified VLFR. Results indicate that the certification scheme has enhanced the management practices of VLFRs and some revenue generation. Even though harvesting in the forests in all the villages was far below allowable cut, the sustainability of the certification scheme was found to be questionable in terms of the costs of management, since, without the support of other stakeholders at present could not work out. We concluded that FSC certification under CBFM can only be sustainable if there is an increase in the harvesting levels by 100% and effective marketing strategies of the products from certified forests, which fetch a good competitive price to offset the forest management and the costs for implementing the FSC certification protocols

Spatial and Temporal Dynamics in Vegetation Cover and Its Impact on Carbon Stock in Kicukiro District, Rwanda

2025-06-10T14:11:15+02:00

Climate change and land use changes are significantly affecting vegetation cover and carbon storage, especially in Rwanda. This study examines how vegetation cover has changed over time and how these changes have impacted carbon stocks in Kicukiro District from 2000 to 2022. Using a combination of remote sensing, GIS, and field data, the research tracks vegetation shifts, estimates changes in carbon stocks, and explores their relationship. The results show a sharp decline in dense vegetation from 41% to 18% while sparse and moderate vegetation increased (from 5% to 12% and 6% to 17%, respectively). This led to major losses in carbon stock: 897.98 tons between 2000–2010 and 1,558.04 tons between 2010–2022. Vegetation cover also declined by 6.42 km² in the first decade and 15.45 km² in the second. Statistical analysis shows a strong negative correlation (r = -0.9) between vegetation cover loss and carbon stock decline, highlighting the key role of forests in climate regulation. These findings point to fast ecosystem degradation in Kicukiro and its effect on Rwanda’s ability to store carbon. The study calls for urgent action to protect and restore forests, offering practical guidance for policymakers. By connecting vegetation change with carbon dynamics at the local level, the research supports informed land-use planning and climate adaptation, with lessons for similar areas in East Africa

Determinants of Land Use Change in Phonthong County, Phonxay District, Luang Prabang Province, Lao PDR

2025-06-13T17:11:46+02:00

Land use change is a key global issue with significant impacts on human livelihoods and the environment. This study aims to identify the factors influencing land use change practices among local communities in Phonxay District, Luang Prabang Province, in the Northern Uplands of Lao P.D.R. A binomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the determinants of land use change, based on data collected through structured interviews with 252 households in two villages. The questionnaire focused on demographic and economic characteristics, land tenure, physical conditions, and institutional factors. The results indicate that significant factors influencing land use change in Phonthong County include landholding size, product prices, access to quality extension services, distance, and household income. These variables were found to strongly influence local land use decisions. The findings suggest that demographic-economic characteristics, land tenure systems, physical factors, and institutional support all play a crucial role in shaping land use practices. To promote more sustainable land management in the Northern Uplands, policy measures should be tailored to the local context, encouraging communities to adopt responsible and sustainable land-use practices. This includes empowering local people to manage their village resources effectively and implementing context-specific policies that enhance sustainable land resource management

Nutritional Composition of White and Reddish-Orange Guava (Psidium guajava) L. Varieties Growing in Homa Bay County, Kenya

2025-06-16T11:36:36+02:00

Guavas in Kenya are mainly consumed at the household level. However, limited research and development are aimed at domesticating and commercializing the fruit. This has hindered the country's establishment and improvement of structured guava value chains. A nutritional assessment of guava varieties (white and reddish-orange) growing wild in Homa Bay County was done to explore their utilization potential. Stratified simple random sampling and standard nutrient assessment procedures were adopted. The samples were analyzed for moisture content, proximate composition, minerals, vitamin content, and calorific value based on standard procedures. The moisture content of the white variety was significantly higher than the reddish-orange variety at 84.60%±0.55 and 80.32%±1.61 respectively. However, the crude fibre in the reddish-orange variety was significantly higher than the white variety at 6.02%±0.11 and 3.49%±0.42 respectively. There was no significant difference in the ash content for the reddish-orange variety at 3.50%±0.15 and the white variety at 3.88%±0.29, as well as in protein (p=0.06) at 1.37%±0.19 and 1.84%±0.26, respectively, and fat content at 0.89%±0.07 and 1.16%±0.20, respectively. There was no significant difference in Vitamin C content in the white variety at 16.03±0.92mg/100g and reddish-orange at 9.3±0.00mg/100g, as well as in Niacin content in the reddish-orange variety at 3.63±0.03mg/100g and the white variety at 0.54±0.01mg/100g. The reddish-orange variety had significantly higher iron, potassium, and aluminium contents than the white variety, whereas there was no significant difference in their Sodium, lead, zinc, copper, and calcium contents. There was no significant difference in mean calorific values of the reddish-orange variety at 17.22±0.08 KJ/gram and the white variety at 16.88±0.31 KJ/gram. Considering the findings, the guavas can provide additional nutrients to households as well as the opportunity for exploitation in product development for income generation, thereby providing a means of preservation when the fruits are in season.

Assessing Spatio-Temporal Change of Urban Expansion on Vegetation Cover -A Case of Kigali City

2025-06-16T17:50:20+02:00

Rapid urban growth has become one of the key global drivers of land-use change, significantly impacting the natural environment, particularly vegetation cover. This research focused on quantifying and analyzing the spatial and temporal change of urban growth and its consequent effects on the city’s vegetation cover, assessing the loss and degradation of vegetation cover, and identifying the factors contributing to changes in land use and vegetation. The research problem was the limitation in the way of understanding the spatiotemporal changes in vegetation cover due to urban growth in Kigali city. Therefore, this research was focused on the main objective which was to assess the spatiotemporal change of urban expansion on vegetation cover, a case of Kigali city. Specific objectives were: assessing the driving factors of urban expansion in Kigali city, to analyze the variation change in vegetation cover in Kigali city over twenty-four years and to examine the relationship between urban expansion and vegetation loss in Kigali city. The methods used were library research by reading different books, papers and journals, which helped the researchers to do literature review. Household surveys helped to understand how urban expansion impacts local residents' access to green spaces, environmental changes, and their general perceptions of vegetation loss. Satellite imagery from multiple time frames, processed using advanced GIS and remote sensing techniques, were used to analyze land use/land cover changes, with a focus on vegetation loss and the spatial-temporal dynamics of urban growth. Key informants' interviews provided in-depth, qualitative insights that complemented quantitative data from satellite imagery and GIS analysis. The results provided detailed maps of urban sprawl and vegetation cover changes in Kigali, with a focus on highlighting areas most vulnerable to degradation. Different main drivers of urban change such as population growth, economic development and rural-urban migration have been discussed. To sum up, the study found a significant decrease in vegetation cover over the past 24 years, a percentage of 90% caused by vegetation loss such as urban expansion, deforestation and poor urban planning, while a smaller percentage of 10% noted some efforts to increase vegetation through reforestation and green infrastructure projects land use and zoning regulation and the relationship between urban expansion and vegetation cover has shown that if urban growth is done in a sustainable way vegetation cover can be protected

Community Knowledge and Perception of Indigenous Tree Species in Bugesera District, Rwanda

2025-06-18T08:52:36+02:00

Indigenous tree species play a critical role in maintaining biodiversity, supporting livelihoods, and enhancing ecosystem resilience in Rwanda. However, their survival is threatened by deforestation, agricultural expansion, and erosion of traditional knowledge. This study assessed community knowledge, perceptions, and conservation practices related to indigenous tree species in the Ntarama Sector, Bugesera District, Rwanda. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining surveys (n = 381), focus group discussions (n = 18), and key informant interviews (n = 11). The study documented 20 indigenous tree species, with Ficus thonningii, Albizia gummifera, and Prunus africana being the most recognized. While 90% of respondents were familiar with indigenous species and 85% acknowledged their ecological and socio-economic benefits, only 10% of younger individuals demonstrated awareness, highlighting a generational knowledge gap. Deforestation (95%), climate change (85%), and overharvesting (55%) were identified as major threats. Despite 90% expressing positive attitudes toward conservation, only 65% actively participated in sustainable practices, with financial constraints (35%) and land scarcity (20%) cited as key barriers. Regression analysis revealed that knowledge level (β = 0.72, p < 0.001) and institutional support (β = 0.42, p = 0.009) significantly influenced conservation adoption. The findings underscore the need for integrated strategies that combine traditional knowledge with modern conservation approaches, enhance community education, and provide economic incentives. Policy recommendations include strengthening institutional frameworks, promoting drought-resistant species, and fostering community-led conservation initiatives to ensure the long-term preservation of indigenous trees in Rwanda and similar regions

Suitability of Acacia crassicarpa A. Cunn. Ex Benth., A. Leptocarpa A. Cunn. Ex Benth., A. Julifera Benth., Brachystegia boehmii Taub. and B. Spiciformis Benth. For Wood Energy Production in Tabora, Tanzania

2025-06-23T12:55:50+02:00

This study investigated the calorific values of five tree species, three of which are exotic and grown in agroforestry systems and the other two are naturally growing and indigenous in Tabora, Tanzania. Whereas the exotics are Acacia crassicarpa, Acacia leptocarpa and Acacia julifera, the indigenous species are Brachystegia boehmii and Brachystegia spiciformis. Wood fuel, primarily in the form of charcoal and firewood, is a critical energy source in developing countries, particularly for heating and tobacco curing. Understanding the calorific values of these species is essential for optimizing their use as sustainable bioenergy sources, especially in regions where biomass remains a dominant energy resource. The study was conducted at the Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI) Tumbi Centre, utilizing wood samples collected from trees at various heights and positions within the stem. Calorific values were determined using a bomb calorimeter and statistical analyses, including ANOVA and regression, were employed to compare species and assess correlations between sample positions and energy content. Results revealed that the mean calorific values of the exotic Acacia species (Acacia crassicarpa: 17.11 kJ/g, Acacia leptocarpa: 16.67 kJ/g, and Acacia julifera: 17.45 kJ/g) were not significantly different from each other but showed significant differences compared to the indigenous Brachystegia spiciformis (20.18 kJ/g). Brachystegia boehmii exhibited a calorific value of 16.66 kJ/g, similar to the Acacia species. Notably, Acacia julifera demonstrated favourable calorific properties, making it a promising tree species for further cultivation in agroforestry systems aimed at sustainable energy production. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the thermal properties of agroforestry tree species, providing critical data for sustainable forestry management and energy planning. The findings underscore the importance of integrating both exotic and indigenous species into agroforestry systems to enhance energy security, support local economies, and promote environmental conservation. Recommendations are made for the adoption of Acacia julifera in community woodlots and plantations, alongside continued research into the thermal properties of other species to inform sustainable resource management practices in Tanzania and similar regions.

Effect of Soil Priming on Degraded Forest Soil and Early Growth of Garcinia kola (Heckel) in Derived Savannah Belt, Delta State, Nigeria

2025-07-11T12:44:33+02:00

Deforestation poses a serious challenge to tropical soil fertility and complicates the regeneration of degraded forests with recalcitrant indigenous tree species. Soil priming with aquatic ecosystem-enriched matters, for seeds and cytoplasmic activities, supports, offers a nutrient imbuing technique in the tropics. This study investigated the priming capacity of degraded forest soils with diverse aquatic ecosystem sands for the early growth of Garcinia kola. Flood Plain (FP), River Sand (RS) and Degraded forest (DS) soils were processed, analyzed for physico-chemical properties and five (5) primed soil types of 25-75, 40-60, 50-50, 75-25, and 75-30 volume/volume with (FP-DS) and (RS-DS) bases formulated to contrast 100 v/v FP, RS and DS for Garcinia kola growth. Growth characteristics of seedlings were monitored, and collected data subjected to analysis of variance, while significant means were separated with the Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5%. Results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in pH _(CaCl2), exchangeable acidity (DS > RS = FP), total exchangeable base (RS > DS > FP) and effective cation exchange capacity (RS > DS > FP) to influence the highest epigeal germination rate (66.67 ± 24.03%), and largest leaf surface areas (2.83 ± 0.18 cm²) at 8 and 13 weeks after planting respectively by the 50-50, 40-60 and 25-75v/v FP-DS primed soil types. Thus, underscoring FP-base as a potential augmentation product for the priming of degraded tropical forest soil in pursuit of dormancy breakage, viz-a-viz shortened gestation period in the regeneration of Garcinia kola.

Impact of Anthropogenic Activities and Urban Proximity on the Conservation of Trees Outside Forests on Agricultural Lands in the Mongala Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

2025-07-16T20:00:19+02:00

This study analysed the influence of charcoal production, artisanal logging, and urban proximity on the conservation of Trees Outside Forests on Agricultural Lands (TOF-AL) in the Mongala Province (Democratic Republic of Congo). A stratified random sampling methodology was applied to 45 villages distributed across the three territories of the province (Bongandanga, Bumba, and Lisala). Within each village, an inventory of TOF-AL was conducted using linear transects and systematic sampling, allowing for the evaluation of the conservation index, species richness, density, and diversity of TOF-AL. The practice of extractive activities, including charcoal production and artisanal logging, was documented in each village, and the distance to major cities was determined. The results indicate that charcoal production and artisanal logging have a significant negative impact on all measured conservation parameters of TOF-AL. The conservation index, species richness, density, and diversity of TOF significantly decrease in villages where these activities are associated with slash-and-burn agriculture. The Bumba territory showed the lowest values for the conservation index, species richness, and density. The lowest values observed in Bumba suggest an increased anthropogenic pressure on forest resources in this area. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between the distance to major cities and the conservation of TOF-AL. In remote villages, the conservation index, species richness, density, and diversity of TOF-AL were significantly higher than in peri-urban areas. These results suggest that differentiated conservation strategies should be prioritised to ensure the effective conservation of TOF-AL in this region and beyond. These differentiated conservation strategies should consider territorial specificities, socio-economic activities, and spatial dynamics of rural landscapes.

Influence of Thinning Regime on Woody Species Density and Abundance in Kimondi Forest, Nandi County, Kenya

2025-07-16T20:00:19+02:00

A silvicultural regime refers to the planned sequence of treatments applied to a forest stand, which mainly includes pruning and thinning regimes. The latter is a silvicultural practice that is important for the management of forest growth, composition, structure, and health. Despite the ecological and silvicultural importance of thinning, its limited application in plantation forests has constrained the effective management of woody species density and abundance. Thus, the aim of this research was to assess the influence of the thinning regime on woody species density and abundance. This study focused on Eucalyptus saligna, Cupressus lusitanica and Pinus patula as the woody species that are harvested for timber in the Kimondi forest. The study applied a cross-sectional descriptive study design. Systematic sampling was used in collecting primary data. Data were analysed using box plots, Analysis of Variance and Duncan multiple range test. The box plots showed Eucalyptus saligna having the highest median density and the widest interquartile range, indicating both a greater abundance and variability across sampling sites. Cupressus lusitanica and Pinus patula had a moderate median density with a narrower distribution, indicating lower variability. Analysis of variance revealed a highly significant difference in tree abundance and density across the thinning regime (p = 0.000), with an effect size (Eta² = 0.7519), indicating that 75.19% of the variation of woody species density and abundance can be explained by the thinning regime. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test confirmed that mean abundance varied significantly across the thinning regime. The study concluded that a thinning regime can improve the density and abundance of woody species, Eucalyptus saligna, Cupressus lusitanica, and Pinus patula. We recommend that forest managers in plantation forests adopt thinning regimes to improve woody species density and abundance.

Influence of Pruning Regime on Woody Species Density and Abundance in Kimondi Forest, Kenya

2025-07-17T08:14:09+02:00

Globally, silviculture is concerned with the establishment, development, upkeep, and propagation of timber stands to increase the shock resistance of forests and the global adaptability and resilience of ecosystems. While silvicultural regimes are widely recognised for enhancing timber quality and stand structure, their long-term ecological impacts on woody species density and abundance remain underexplored. Existing studies have primarily focused on species selection, leaving a significant knowledge gap regarding the effectiveness and optimisation of pruning regime intensity. The research aimed to assess the influence of the pruning regime on woody species density and abundance. This study focused on Cupressus lusitanica and Pinus patula. The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive study design, using systematic sampling. Analysis was done using Box plots, Analysis of Variance and Duncan’s multiple range test. Box plots showed that Cupressus lusitanica exhibited higher performance with greater variability, while Pinus patula showed more consistent but slightly lower outcomes. A one-way ANOVA revealed a highly significant difference in tree abundance and density across pruning treatments (p = 0.028), with an effect size (Eta²) of 0.61139, indicating that 61.39% of the variation is attributable to pruning practices. Duncan’s test further confirms that higher pruning intensity reduces woody species density, while moderate pruning enhances regeneration. The findings revealed the importance of the pruning regime on woody species density and abundance and recommended that tailored silvicultural practices are key in advocating for formative pruning as a sustainable and cost-effective method in early tree development stages

The Role of Forest Certification in Enhancing Livelihoods of Local Communities: Evidence from Certified Village Land Forest Reserves at Nanjirinji and Likawage Villages, Southern Part of Tanzania

2025-07-31T18:01:29+02:00

Community-based Forest Management (CBFM) has emerged as a vital tool for promoting sustainable forest management and improving the livelihoods of local communities dependent on forest resources. This paper examines the role of forest certification within CBFM, mainly Village Land Forest Reserves (VLFR), in enhancing the livelihoods of communities and forest governance in the southern part of Tanzania. The villages were selected purposively using five criteria, such as the existence of an up-to-date management plan, good record keeping, an active and functional forest committee, good experience in implementing Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) group certification and forest size. Mixed-methods approach, including household surveys, key informant interviews and field observations, were used to collect information. During the household surveys, random sampling was used to select households. The sample size of 85 households were surveyed, where 39 were from Likawage and 46 from Nanjirinji village. Content analysis was used for qualitative data, where the data were compiled and responses coded, identifying the range of responses to each question, creating matrices in SPSS that cross-listed each response variable by village. These were done through descriptive statistics, where measures of central tendency, such as means, median, percentage and counts, were computed. The results indicate that certified forests improve communities’ livelihood through increased employment opportunities, access to markets for forest products and better forest governance. Additionally, certification has contributed to capacity-building and the empowerment of local communities in forest management. Challenges such as limited financial resources, inadequate knowledge, and logistical constraints hindered the full realisation of certification benefits. The study concludes that forest certification offers significant potential for improving livelihoods. It reveals significant social, environmental and economic benefits, where 92 and 98 percent of Likawage and Nanjirinji A households, respectively, responded that there are some improvements in education, healthcare and food security. To maximise the benefits of forest certification, efforts should focus on strengthening market access, capacity building, and policy support. Improving trade linkages, infrastructure, and value-added processing can enhance economic returns for certified communities. Expanding training programs on sustainable forestry, business skills, and cooperative management will empower locals to better utilise certification benefits.

Influence of Farming Practices within and adjacent to the Riparian Ecosystems on the Water Quality of the Lukuledi River, Lindi-Tanzania

2025-07-31T18:01:29+02:00

Today, the world is facing a global water crisis, with expanding farming practices driven by population growth and agricultural demand degrading water resources. Farming practices in areas within and adjacent to the riparian ecosystems of the Lukuledi River have increased contaminant release, negatively affecting the aquatic ecosystem of the river. However, there is limited knowledge on the consequences of these practices and their influence on the water quality of the river. This study identified farming practices within and adjacent to the Lukuledi River and assessed their influence on the river's water quality. Four clusters were established along the river continuum. The first cluster (Cluster I) was established upstream in the protected Rondo Nature Forest Reserve, while the other clusters (Clusters II to IV) were located midstream and downstream in the agricultural landscape. Farming practices in clusters II to IV were assessed using household socio-economic data collected through structured questionnaires and direct field observation. In each of the four clusters, water quality parameters, including pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Temperature (T), were measured in situ using a multiparameter analyser (HI-9829). The recorded farming practices were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics 27, and the results were presented using descriptive statistics. The same software was also used to analyse water quality parameters and the results were presented as descriptive statistics (mean concentration). The identified farming practices include shifting cultivation, mixed cropping, intercropping, monocropping, irrigation farming (basin and canal/furrow), free-range and zero grazing, along with the use of fertilisers and agrochemicals. The mean concentrations of water quality parameters were significantly higher in downstream clusters compared to the upstream cluster. However, pH was below TBS and WHO standards in upstream Cluster I but met the standards in midstream and downstream Clusters. DO was below WHO standards throughout but met TBS standards in downstream Clusters III and IV, while remaining below in upstream and midstream. Temperature met TBS and WHO standards in upstream Cluster I, but exceeded in midstream and downstream clusters. EC and TDS values remained within TBS and WHO limits. There was a positive correlation between the farming practices and water quality. These findings suggest that farming practices within and adjacent to the river alter the water quality and key aquatic ecosystems. Thus, monitoring of agricultural practices is essential to mitigate negative impacts on the Lukuledi River ecosystem and preserve its water quality.

Determinants of Tree Growers' Preferences for Forest Insurance in Mufindi District, Tanzania

2025-08-18T13:19:36+02:00

Private tree growers play a key role in sustainable wood supply and rural livelihoods, but face high vulnerability to natural disasters, fire, pests, and diseases. These hazards threaten incomes, market access, and forest productivity, yet research and policies addressing their specific risk management needs remain little known, creating a critical gap in enhancing their resilience and sustainability. This study analyses the factors influencing the decision of the tree growers to purchase forest insurance. One hundred twenty tree growers were sampled in four villages using a multistage sampling technique. Results show that 76.7% of the respondents were willing to pay for forest insurance on an annual premium payment basis. A binary logistic regression was used to analyse factors influencing willingness to pay for forest insurance. Results showed the extent of exposure to modern education, experience in tree planting, total income, and size of the forest significantly (Omnibus test value for model fitness 45.7659, p-value=0.000). Also, the multinomial logit model was used to analyse factors influencing the choice of insurance type, and results show that sex, income, experience in tree growing, previous occurrence of fire, tree species planted, and location of the farm have statistical significance. These insights also inform extension service agents and other forest stakeholders on how to tailor sensitisation and training programs. By focusing on the factors that most influence adoption, extension efforts can better address knowledge gaps, highlight the economic value of insurance, and build trust in the policy, ultimately increasing uptake among tree growers

Physical and Mechanical Strength Properties of Resin Tapped Pinus caribaea Timber

2025-08-22T16:22:58+02:00

Resin tapping on Pinus caribaea Morelet (P. caribaea) is an activity that is proven to yield multiple economic benefits to pine growers. However, there is uncertainty as to whether extracting gum resin from P. caribaea trees compromises its timber strength properties for structural applications. In this study, the effects of resin tapping on the basic density and strength properties of timber from P. caribaea of different ages (one, three, and five years) were investigated. Tests were done on small, clear specimens from P. caribaea trees whose resins were tapped, with control samples obtained from an untapped tree. The samples were prepared using the British standard (BS 373:1957) and tested for their basic density, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, shear strength parallel to grain and compressive strength parallel to grain test following the American Standards Testing Methods. The results showed that basic densities and strength properties of P. caribaea timber tended to increase with an increase in the age of the resin tapped trees, which were significantly different from the samples of the untapped tree (P<0.05). These results suggest that resin tapping of P. caribaea using the Chinese method does not have negative effects on the strength properties of its timber. However, further studies are required to understand the effects of resin tapping on timber properties, especially for P. caribaea trees that are tapped for more than five years.