East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources

Protected Areas in Burundi: Is the Lack of Clearly Defined Boundaries a Major Obstacle to their Effectiveness?

André Nduwimana, Richard Habonayor, Jan Bogaert — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0200

Burundi's protected areas were created with a view to counter the degradation of the natural environment and preserve its biodiversity. Their effectiveness is often questioned, and the lack of clear demarcation, as well as shortcomings in monitoring, are put forward as the main causes of poor performance. The aim of the present study is to verify these allegations and formulate recommendations for better management and efficiency. The study involved a comparative analysis of the perceptions of three main stakeholder categories (17 Managers, 34 from local administration and 171 from the local community) on the status of protected areas and the main reason for their creation, the state boundaries and conflicts. The results of the status and attribute analysis show that most protected areas (87.57%) are centrally managed, with only a small proportion (21.43%) allowing for the participation of stakeholders other than the State in decision-making. Over 60% of all categories perceive that the boundaries are clear, and this applies to all Burundi protected area categories. Protected area categories IV and V record comparatively low proportions of positive clarity of boundaries. However, the majority (over 60%) report a lack of consensus on limits, the existence of protected areas, local population conflicts and attest to a direct relationship between the existence of conflicts and the lack of consensus on limits. These results show that what's important is not to set limits, but to have a consensus on these limits and to respect them. It is recommended that Burundi's protected areas be aligned with the logic of the new conservation paradigm, which advocates the participation of all stakeholders in decision-making.

The Indoctrination of Environmental Stewardship: A Framework for Sustainable Development in Africa

Moses Fegher, Martha Chiamaka Ugwu — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0200

The concept of environmental stewardship has gained considerable traction globally as societies confront the consequences of climate change and ecological degradation. In the African context, a continent renowned for its rich biodiversity yet facing complex environmental challenges, the instillation of environmental stewardship has become increasingly imperative. The paper examines the challenges and opportunities for promoting environmental stewardship in the rapid urbanisation of the capital city of Enugu State, with a particular focus on housing estate developments. Africa’s environmental landscape presents a wide array of challenges, including deforestation, land degradation, and water scarcity, as well as the impacts of rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. However, alongside these challenges lie significant opportunities for fostering environmental stewardship. Culturally embedded practices, traditional ecological knowledge, and indigenous conservation methods provide a strong foundation upon which contemporary environmental education strategies can be developed. This study employed a qualitative research approach, drawing on scholarly articles, research studies, policy documents, and relevant literature sources. The findings highlighted a general absence of sustainable practices and environmental considerations in the planning and construction phases of numerous housing estates, leading to environmental degradation. Furthermore, there was a widespread lack of environmental awareness and consciousness among residents. Despite these challenges, promising opportunities and best practices were identified, including the implementation of innovative sustainability strategies, the utilisation of traditional ecological knowledge, and the promotion of stakeholder collaboration. The paper emphasises the need for tailored strategies that consider diverse socio-cultural contexts and economic realities. It advocated for inclusive, participatory approaches that empower local communities, amplify their voices, and ensure their active involvement in environmental initiatives.

Mapping Land Use Land Cover Changes (LULC) in Eastern Slopes of Mount Kenya; Case of Tharaka Nithi County

Mugambi David Mbuba, Fatuma Daudi, PhD, Catherine Sang, PhD — Fri, 30 May 2025 14:37:26 +0200

Mapping and quantifying the status of Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes and their drivers are essential for identifying strategic areas for designing and implementing interventions to promote sustainable landscape management. Through a combination of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and interviews with Key Informants, the study analyzed the status of LULC changes and drivers in Tharaka Nithi County, Eastern Slopes of Mount Kenya for the last 22 years. Using Landsat images of 2001,2014, and 2023, four major LULC categories: forest/tree cover, agricultural lands, built-up areas, and water bodies were identified. Results indicate forest/tree cover experienced the most dynamic changes, with tree and forest cover increasing by +38% between 2001 and 2014 and declining by -25.74% between 2014 and 2023. Built-up areas increased by +139.18% over the same period, while agricultural and water bodies remained stable. The main drivers of LULC change include: expansion of built-up areas/settlement areas, expansion of agricultural land, and harvesting of trees for timber, fuelwood, etc, which are driven by population growth. Therefore, to address the causes of LULC change, there is a need to design and implement policies to promote sustainable management and utilization of resources within the study area.

Landslide Susceptibility Mapping and Its Driving Factors in Kamonyi District of Rwanda

Mon, 02 Jun 2025 11:05:45 +0200

This study investigates the use of remote sensing and GIS techniques to generate a landslide susceptibility map and examine the factors contributing to landslides in the Kamonyi district located in the Southern Province of Rwanda. The Weighted Overlay Analysis (WOA) approach has been applied, enhanced by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), to combine various geospatial factors influencing landslide occurrence. These factors include elevation, slope angle, aspect, curvature, the topographic wetness index (TWI), stream power index (SPI), proximity to roads, proximity to rivers, land use and land cover (LULC), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil texture, and rainfall. GIS and remote sensing tools were employed to carry out a multi-criteria analysis, assign appropriate weights to the factors, and produce the final landslide susceptibility map. The findings emphasized the key factors that contribute to landslide susceptibility and were ranked based on the assigned weights. The slope (22.5%), rainfall (18.3%), land use and land cover (LULC) (13.6%), and soil texture (10.4%) were identified as factors mostly influencing landslide occurrence in the area while factors such as proximity to roads (7.8%), elevation (6.3%), topographic wetness index (TWI) (5.2%), and proximity to rivers (4.6%) were found to have a moderate influence. NDVI (3.9%), stream power index (SPI) (3.1%), curvature (2.8%), and aspect (1.5%) were found to have a lesser influence on landslide susceptibility in the Kamonyi district. The landslide susceptibility map displayed varying degrees of risk across the district, with 2.5% categorized as very high susceptibility, 16.9% as high susceptibility, 52.7% as moderate susceptibility, 27.2% as low susceptibility, and 0.7% as very low susceptibility. The areas with high and very high susceptibility were predominantly located in the northern and central regions of the district, whereas the southern areas mainly exhibited low and very low susceptibility. The results of this study provide crucial information for land use planning, risk reduction, and disaster management in both Kamonyi district and Rwanda overall. It is recommended that policymakers and local authorities focus on the high-risk zones for focused and effective interventions.

Practices of E-Waste Management among People Living in African Cities: The Case of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

Mon, 02 Jun 2025 12:24:07 +0200

Rapid turnover in technology across the cities of the world creates a rapidly growing e-waste stream. This is the case for the city of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. Currently, the city lacks the capacity for handling and recycling the hazardous materials contained in e-waste. Further, Tanzania has neither a specific policy nor a law on e-waste management. The paper focuses on e-waste management practices in Dar es Salaam. The key question is what are the practices of stakeholders in e-waste management in the city? This study was conducted in Ilala and Temeke municipalities in the city. Participants for the study were purposively selected. The selection ensured the representation of key stakeholders in e-waste generation and management. The number of participants for key stakeholders was determined by the data saturation point, a point where no new information was obtained. To gain an in-depth understanding, several ethnographic methods were employed. Based, on the study findings, some of the practices on e-waste management in the city of Dar es Salaam include: storing e-waste, landfilling, reusing, selling, and recycling. Overall, the practices of e-waste management in the city of Dar es Salaam remain informal and hence lack any operational legal framework. Although the existing legal framework for the management of e-waste has the potential for operationalization, it has no clear guidelines or procedures. The authors are aware that the Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) has developed operational standards for e-waste management. However, the operational standards remain inaccessible to other key Government entities, the public and other key stakeholders. One, including Government agencies, must pay to access them. The authors strongly recommend that the standards should be made available free of charge and be operationalized at all levels. The authors further recommend the development of suitable frameworks to deal with the management of e-waste, recycling, and circular economy

Contribution of Improved Cook Stoves to the reduction of wood fuel consumption in Rutsiro District, Rwanda

Pacifique Isimbi, Eric Sibomana, PhD — Thu, 12 Jun 2025 21:33:47 +0200

This study aimed to examine the contribution of Improved Cook Stoves (ICS) in reducing wood fuel consumption in Rutsiro District, Rwanda. The research focused on three specific objectives: identifying the level of ICS utilization, assessing the reduction in wood fuel consumption and finding out whether there is any relationship between ICS usage and wood fuel consumption. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative research designs. The study targeted over 28,555 households in five sectors near Gishwati-Mukura forests in Rutsiro District, and 395 households were selected as sample size through Yamane’s formula and stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaires and documentary review and data were analyzed with SPSS software, employing descriptive and inferential statistics, including multiple linear regression. Analysis using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression revealed that household characteristics (mean = 4.32), awareness levels (mean = 4.50), and stove quality (mean = 4.31) had a statistically significant and positive impact on reducing wood fuel consumption. However, stove cost, despite a high average score (mean = 4.45), did not show a significant effect. These factors were found to be more important than the stove cost, which was perceived as high but did not significantly affect fuel reduction. This highlights the crucial role of awareness, stove quality, and behavioural factors in the adoption and success of ICS. The study concluded that addressing the financial barrier to stove adoption, while important, is less significant than improving public awareness, stove quality, and behavioural change. The study recommended that the government and development partners prioritize awareness campaigns to promote the benefits of ICS. Additionally, financial incentives, subsidies, and better access to affordable payment options should be introduced to make ICS more accessible

Impacts of Urban Decay on Makongeni Phase 5 Estate, Thika Municipality

Daniel Muraguri, Dennis Karanja, Gerryshom Munala — Mon, 16 Jun 2025 09:48:14 +0200

Urban decay continues to be a major hindrance to the realization of sustainable urbanization globally. The challenge has been witnessed in major cities, medium and small urban areas and has affected parts or whole of urban areas. Thika Municipality in Kiambu County has experienced the challenge in some estates which includes Makongeni Phase 5. The purpose of this study was to reveal the impacts of urban decay in Makongeni Phase 5. The researcher engaged Thika Municipal Manager, Thika Sub-County Physical Planner and the Environment Officer in a focused interview. From a population of 242 plots, a sample size of 100 respondents was targeted and 82 were interviewed. In addition, observation was applied in assessing the impacts of urban decay through observable characteristics which were used in making comparisons with neighbouring estates. Among the impacts identified, environmental degradation was ranked highest at a score of 3.44 on a five-point Likert scale. Inversely, population loss was the least significant impact at a score of 2.17. In examining the effects of urban decay, marginalization was the most significant at a score of 3.5488 representing marginalization (28.45%) of the cumulative effects of urban decay. Urban decay was also identified to contribute to the vulnerability of the neighbourhood to disasters and impacts of climate change. Poor economic performance was the least significant effect at a score of 2.7561 representing 22.1%. The study revealed an increase in social problems manifested through insecurity, inadequacy of social services and lack of job opportunities. A strong community structure has been identified as a critical element in the management of urban decay. To manage the decay, the study has recommended improvement of the neighbourhood through renewal of the buildings and grooming of the environment by individual plot owners. In addition, a stronger community structure is recommended to help in managing security and lobbying for government intervention in the neighbourhood

Effectiveness of Indigenous Techniques in Response to Climatic Stresses in Northern Tanzania: Insights from Maasai Communities in the Monduli District

Moson Koika Moti, Noah M. Pauline, PhD, Joel Nobert, PhD — Tue, 17 Jun 2025 08:59:15 +0200

Agro-pastoral communities are recognized as masters of innovative traditional adaptation strategies in dry lands. This study examines the effectiveness of indigenous knowledge in responding to climatic stresses in the Monduli district, Northern Tanzania. A mixed-method research approach was adopted, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. Primary data were collected through 315 household surveys, 12 focus group discussions, 25 key informant interviews, and field observations. Secondary data were sourced from records maintained by government institutions. Results were analyzed and presented using thematic content analysis and descriptive statistics. Most respondents (74.9%) indicated that birth control is an effective adaptation strategy for the Maasai agro-pastoralist communities in semi-arid areas. The main indigenous techniques were traditional birth control, acacia seed ponds in dry spells, traditionally constructed water wells and seasonal migration. Caution ought to be taken when generalizing and incorporating context-specific IK into local and national adaptation planning to ensure effective adaptation strategies

Gully Erosion associated with Peri-Urbanization: Focus on the Catchments around Kimwenza in the South of Kinshasa (DR. Congo)

Wed, 18 Jun 2025 08:41:43 +0200

The catchments draining Kimwenza, a small plateau in Southern Kinshasa town (DR Congo), are undergoing rapid and extensive peri-urbanization with limited planning. This research focuses on gully erosion processes associated with different infrastructures. The objectives are to characterize the morphometry of the catchments, describe the surface water flow network, assess the runoff rates, and propose an appropriate drainage solution to collect runoff. It appears that these basins have a high drainage density, ranging from approximately 1,800 to over 11,000 m/km², with a general average of around 6,570 m/km², as determined through field and laboratory investigations. In addition, all the basins in this area are somewhat rounded in shape and modest, which means they are more likely to have rapid rainwater concentration and response times. As a result, runoff flow can be torrential, especially since 80 % of this sector has slopes greater than 8%. The peak rate of surface runoff can exceed 650 l/s/ha, according to an analysis of active showers and their intensities. Due to the incoherent soil structure, mainly composed of sand, 30 gullies were mapped with an average length of 560 meters, a width of 27 meters, and a depth of 10 meters. Under these conditions, mitigating the gully phenomenon requires significantly reducing runoff flows

The Impacts of Waste Management Practices on Environmental and Social Well-being in Secondary Schools of Musanze District, Rwanda

Sibomana Didier, James Kant Kamuhanda, PhD — Wed, 18 Jun 2025 18:01:55 +0200

This study explored the Impacts of Waste Management Practices on Environment and Social Well-being in Secondary Schools with a focus on selected schools in Musanze District. The study aimed to examine the types of waste generated in secondary schools, assess the methods used to manage this waste, analyze the environmental and social impacts resulting from these practices and identify the challenges faced by secondary schools in implementing effective waste management practices. A mixed-methods approach and tools were used, combining a survey with questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions with students, teachers, administrators and local authorities. The findings revealed that the most common types of waste generated include paper, plastic, food remains, and sanitary waste. Regarding management methods, the study found that most schools rely on basic practices such as open burning and dumping, with limited segregation, recycling, or proper disposal systems in place. On environmental impacts, it was observed that poor waste handling contributes to pollution, unpleasant odours, and blockage of drainage systems, negatively affecting the school environment and surrounding communities. In terms of social well-being, the study found that improper waste management exposes students and staff to health risks, reduces school cleanliness, and contributes to absenteeism, especially among female students due to poor sanitary disposal. The challenges to effective waste management practices include lack of awareness and education on waste management among students, inadequate waste disposal facilities and low involvement of stakeholders in waste management. The study concludes that waste management practices in secondary schools are inadequate and contribute significantly to environmental degradation and social challenges. It recommends increased awareness, training on proper waste handling, provision of bins, and stronger involvement of school administrators and local authorities to improve overall waste management and enhance both environmental and social well-being in schools.

Perception of Local Communities Towards Conservation of Traditional Medicinal Plants in Karongi District, Rwanda

Celestin Nkusi — Mon, 23 Jun 2025 12:54:01 +0200

Traditional medicinal plants played an important role in Rwanda’s health, environmental, and cultural systems. This study assessed the perception of local communities towards the conservation of traditional medicinal plants in the Karongi District, specifically in the Bwishyura and Ruganda Sectors. Using a cross-sectional descriptive method, data were collected (analyzed with SPSS) from 398 participants through structured questionnaires, but field observations were also used. The study identified over 130 species of traditional medicinal plants, where Tetradenia riparia is the most commonly used by 86.68% of respondents. A significant majority (85.93%) were aware of Traditional medicinal plants, and 45.48% reported that they frequently use them. Additionally, 55.78% of participants strongly agreed that traditional medicinal plants are important in Rwanda’s healthcare system. The most common uses of traditional medicinal plants were for treating digestive problems (66.83%) and skin diseases (61.56%). Most respondents (74.62%) reported that they obtain them from natural vegetation such as forests and wetlands, while 51.76% attain them from home gardens. However, 82.66% of participants think that access to traditional medicinal plants has decreased. The main reasons cited were urbanization (68.34%), agricultural expansion (58.04%), and deforestation (46.26%). Participants show that the most preferred conservation practices are allowing plants to regenerate (55.78%), and replanting after harvesting (49.25%). 21.61% reported the absence of specific conservation measures. Key challenges identified were a lack of knowledge of conservation methods (74.62%) and knowledge of traditional medicinal plants (69.10%), followed by government restrictions and limited access to land. The study concludes that enhancing community awareness through workshops and promoting intergenerational knowledge transfer can strengthen the conservation and sustainable use of traditional medicinal plants in Rwanda.

Impact of Anthropogenic Processes on Sustenance of the Itigi-Sumbu Thicket Ecosystem Services in Tanzania

Fortunatus Bulabo Makonda, Nsajigwa Emmanuel Mbije — Thu, 26 Jun 2025 18:42:43 +0200

This study aimed to assess the impact of human activities on the role of the Itigi-Sumbu Thicket Ecosystem (ISTE) of the Tanzanian portion, as an ecosystem services provider. Specifically, the study worked to: a) identify the major anthropogenic processes that impact the envisaged delivery of ISTE services; b) determine flora and fauna species composition and distribution; c) evaluate current species and habitats; and d) identify and evaluate the role and current status of ISTE in ecosystem services delivery. The study area was stratified according to the identified main land use categories. The modified Whittaker method was adopted in data collection. The vegetation could be categorised mainly as natural or modified habitat forms of either thicket, scrub or open woodland, the modified habitat leading to either or some combinations of human settlements, agricultural land and mining areas. A total of 406 and 218 flora and fauna species were recorded, respectively. As far as conservation status is concerned, five flora and four fauna species were recorded, calling for concern over genetic erosion in many of their populations. Also, four exotic plant species with invasive, allelopathic and phytotoxic properties were encountered. It could be concluded that ISTE is rich in species diversity; nevertheless, in the general land, the habitats were mostly dominated by a few species. A human population influx was projected in the near future following the stabilisation of gold mining and cashew farming activities, leading to further rapid depletion of the already degraded resources. The natural habitats, therefore, need to be conserved

Thirty Years of Wetland Transformation: Socio-Ecological Drivers of Degradation in Kiborgoch, Kenya

Glarion Isiaho, George Ogendi, PhD, Amon Karanja, PhD — Mon, 07 Jul 2025 19:17:34 +0200

Wetlands in arid and semi-arid regions are increasingly threatened by human activities, leading to the disruption of their ecological functions. This study investigates the socio-ecological dynamics of Kiborgoch Wetland, Kenya, over a 30-year period (1994–2024), focusing on institutional factors, land tenure, livelihood practices, and community perceptions of degradation. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining structured household surveys (n=132) with qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The findings reveal that overgrazing (17.9%) is the most significant driver of degradation, alongside agricultural expansion, water overextraction, population growth, and overharvesting of wetland vegetation. While Prosopis juliflora, an invasive species, was noted as a concern by community members, it was a relatively less emphasised factor compared to direct land use pressures. Inheritance-based tenure dominates land access in the region, shaping how resources are used and managed. The wetland historically provided vital ecosystem services, including water, pasture, materials for basketry, and cultural space, but has suffered biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and soil degradation. Community narratives indicate a decline in traditional governance and ecological knowledge-sharing, weakening local conservation capacity. The study recommends integrated, community-led management strategies that merge traditional ecological knowledge with scientific practices to ensure the wetland’s long-term sustainability and the protection of dependent livelihoods

Spatiotemporal Variation of Shallow Groundwater Quality in Selected Parts of Kitui County, Kenya

Dorcas Mutemi, Moses Mwangi, Charles Ndungu — Mon, 07 Jul 2025 19:17:51 +0200

Many people living in dry areas of Kenya rely on groundwater for household and livelihood purposes. Notably, the demand for water has been on the rise due to population increase, livelihood diversification, among others. The resultant activities have had an effect on the quality of water, a situation aggravated by factors like deforestation, agricultural activities, and others. Natural pollutants, such as the weathering of rocks, minerals, also affect the water quality. In the current study, samples were collected from randomly selected 30 shallow wells during both the wet and dry seasons and analysed using a portable laboratory kit. Of concern were turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, calcium, aluminium, magnesium, chloride, sulphates, nitrates, total dissolved solids, fluoride, zinc, calcium carbonate, and salinity. The results were compared with the prescribed water quality standards. From the results, all tested parameters other than turbidity, nitrates and sulphates complied with the recommended quality requirements. The research, therefore, concluded that the shallow groundwater sources in the study area are generally suitable for human consumption except for the shallow well water points which contain high levels of sulphates, nitrates and turbidity. The study found significant spatial variation (p≤0.05) in the physical and chemical characteristics of shallow groundwater resources in the areas, which were attributed to geologic materials and human activities carried out in the study area. Further, statistically significant temporal variations (p≤0.05) were observed in the shallow groundwater for both the wet and dry seasons. The study results also revealed a significant statistical association (p≤ 0.05) between the water quality parameters in the studied areas, which implies that the parameters have a similar source of origin in the environment. Based on the findings, the study proposes training programs for farmers on the sustainable application of quantities of farm inputs in crop production. Regular monitoring of groundwater is necessary to allow the taking of preventive and remedial measures.

Assessing the Environmental Impact of Post-Harvest Coffee Processing: A Case Study of Kanzu Coffee Washing Station in Karambi Sector (2022–2024

Marius Ishimwe, Christophe Mupenzi, PhD — Wed, 09 Jul 2025 11:51:40 +0200

This study sought to assess the environmental impact of Coffee post-harvesting processing. A case study of Kanzu Washing Station in Karambi Sector. The study was directed by the following goals such as: to assess the coffee post-harvesting processes, to analyse the environmental impact in the coffee growing region, and to determine the extent to which coffee post-harvesting processes have influenced the environmental factors. Through a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative data from a sample size of 378 respondents, the research assessed the effectiveness of environmental practices adopted by the CWS and contrasted these with local perceptions. The quantitative data was collected through surveys, while qualitative insights were gathered through interviews and focus groups. The local community perceives coffee processing as having a negative effect on the environment, particularly with regard to water quality and resource depletion. Thus, the findings revealed that the majority of respondents (54.55%) use wet processing, followed by dry processing (33.77%). The majority of respondents (62.34%) report using between 50 and 200 litres of water per kilogram of coffee, with a significant portion (16.88%) using over 200 litres. High water usage in wet processing can have serious environmental consequences, particularly in areas with water scarcity or poor waste management systems. The average response is 3.39, meaning that, on average, people perceive the environmental degradation due to coffee processing to be between "Moderately Serious" and "Serious". While the local community remains concerned about the environmental impact of coffee processing, especially regarding water contamination, the data suggests that the measures put in place by Kanzu CWS are effective in reducing pollution and improving environmental conditions. The study concludes with recommendations for sustainable post-harvesting practices and community-based interventions aimed at mitigating the negative environmental effects of coffee processing. The research highlights the importance of integrating local knowledge with scientific data to formulate effective environmental management strategies in coffee-producing areas

Balancing between Conservation and Livelihoods in African Inland Wetlands: Synthesis of Published Information, Reflection of Reality on the Ground, and Review of Possibilities for Sustainable Use

Julius Kipkemboi — Thu, 10 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0200

Wetlands are among the most threatened global ecosystems. African wetlands have unique vulnerability concerning sustainability and wise use. Apart from many threats, including reclamation, pollution, and climate change, these wetlands have unique challenges associated with livelihoods and demand pressures. The current trends in wetland utilisation for livelihoods in most African countries are unsustainable. African scenarios are characterised by unique circumstances about how people interact with natural ecosystems, and this determines the success or failure of any conservation efforts put forward by local, national, and international institutions. To unravel the complex issues surrounding human-wetland interaction, there is a need to not only unpack the science behind the global concepts, such as the Ramsar wise use. There is a need to understand the entire social, economic, and ecological nexus in which African wetlands exist. In a region where economic and livelihood dependency is high throughout the seasons and coupled with limitations of qualitative and quantitative data on wetlands, it is difficult to quantitatively conceive the magnitude of human impacts on wetlands. To promote sustainable use, new innovative approaches are required to create a trade-off between the competing interests of conservation and utilisation for livelihoods. The maintenance of ecological character is paramount and requires that the ecosystem properties are not compromised by the pursuit of provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting ecosystem services, particularly concerning utilisation for human well-being. The situation for African wetland ecosystems is currently complicated by the demographic trends around these ecosystems and the attendant livelihood demands, but also by uncertain climate change. There is not only a need to understand the social, economic, and ecological nexus within which African wetlands exist, but also to identify gaps in knowledge. This paper reviews published information on African inland wetlands and explores the possibilities of sustainable use to support human wellbeing while maintaining their ecological functions.

Assessing Land Use and Vegetation Change in Kiborgoch Wetland Conservancy, Kenya: Evidence from 30 Years of Remote Sensing (1994–2024)

Glarion Isiaho, George Morara Ogendi, PhD, Amon Mwangi Karanja, PhD — Thu, 17 Jul 2025 08:14:25 +0200

Wetlands are critical socio-ecological systems that support biodiversity, regulate hydrological cycles, and sustain livelihoods across East Africa. Despite their importance, these ecosystems are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic pressures and climate variability. This study assessed land use and vegetation changes in the Kiborgoch Wildlife and Wetland Conservancy, located in Kenya’s Rift Valley, over 30 years (1994–2024). Using Landsat satellite imagery, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series, and GIS analysis, land cover was classified into four primary categories: bareland, wetland vegetation, swamp vegetation, and grassland vegetation. The results revealed substantial landscape transformations, including a 51% increase in bareland, a 52% increase in swamp vegetation, and a 36% decline in grassland vegetation. Wetland vegetation exhibited non-linear trends, peaking in 2014 before declining by 2024. NDVI analysis indicated spatially variable trends in vegetation health, with pronounced degradation near settlements and agricultural zones. These changes were largely driven by land encroachment, upstream water abstraction, and the harvesting of vegetation. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted conservation strategies, enhanced spatial monitoring, and strengthened community-based management to safeguard the ecological integrity of conservancy-managed wetlands in Kenya

The Impact of Urbanisation on Land use and Land Cover Change in Rwanda: A case of Muyumbu sector, Rwamagana District (2002-2024)

Emmanuel Hagumimana, Martin Vincent Nsanzumukiza — Thu, 17 Jul 2025 14:02:55 +0200

Urbanisation in Rwanda, particularly in satellite cities such as Rwamagana District and especially in sectors bordering Kigali city like Muyumbu sector, has experienced rapid and uncontrolled growth, leading to significant changes in habitat and negatively impacting land use and land cover. Remote sensing data were used to thoroughly assess the impact of urbanisation on land use and land cover changes in the Muyumbu sector, Rwamagana District, from 2002 to 2024. Landsat images were obtained, pre-processed, and their accuracy verified before being used to analyse LCLU trends. The results for the first objective showed that Muyumbu has experienced significant urban growth between 2002 and 2024, with an annual growth rate of 5.07% due to population growth and population shift from rural areas to urban areas. The findings for the second objective revealed that the availability of land for development in Muyumbu surged, heightened demand for housing and services, and accelerated urbanisation in the study area. The results for the third and fourth objectives illustrated that from 2002 to 2024, urban areas grew from 32.85 Ha in 2002 to 646.40 Ha in 2024, reflecting a 12.18% overall increase. In contrast, agricultural land saw a sharp decline of 19.27%, primarily due to the significant expansion of urban areas. Forested areas (natural vegetation) experienced an approximate reduction of 9.15%, mainly driven by population growth. This population increase, combined with the migration of people from Kigali city to Muyumbu sector, was the primary factor contributing to urban growth. The findings also highlighted a clear link between urbanisation and changes in land use and land cover in the Muyumbu sector. Based on the findings of this study, there is a strong need for increased government support for the introduction and development of inspection technology like the use of drones and satellites, to prevent illegal construction activities and unauthorised deforestation, and enforce laws and related sanctions to whoever doing contrary to the zoning regulations. Relocate people from agricultural land to public apartments. To stop shifting people from so-called high-risk zones and start design and implement climate-resilient buildings. Adaptation of a robust monitoring system that tracks land use changes, deforestation rates to preserve green spaces. Additionally, the study suggests the need for supplementary policy measures to promote environmentally responsible development.

Impact of Forest Landscape Restoration on Socio-Economic and Environmental Benefits in Rwanda, a Case Study of Fumbwe Sector in Rwamagana District

Faustin Kubwimana, Pancras Ndokoye, PhD — Fri, 18 Jul 2025 08:53:06 +0200

The study assessed the impact of forest landscape restoration on socio-economic and environmental benefits in Rwanda, focusing on the Fumbwe Sector in Rwamagana District. It aimed to evaluate the current status of forest restoration, its benefits to the community, and the relationship between forest restoration and socio-economic and environmental outcomes. Using a descriptive and correlational design with questionnaires for data collection, the findings indicated that tree species are chosen based on soil type and altitude, with a high mean score of 3.49, suggesting good community practices. Overall, forest restoration in Fumbwe is well-managed, reflected by an average mean of 3.90. Regarding socio-economic and environmental benefits, restoration efforts were found to significantly combat erosion and protect soil, with a high average mean of 3.55. The results also revealed a strong positive correlation (0.713) between forest restoration and its socio-economic and environmental impacts, indicating substantial benefits to the community. The study concluded that forest landscape restoration contributes meaningfully to rural livelihoods and environmental protection. It recommended enhancing community involvement, planting diverse tree species suitable to the local environment, and enforcing regulations to prevent illegal forest harvesting

Assessing the Impact of Flooding on Livelihoods in Kamonyi District, Rwanda

Emmanuel Tuyisenge, Jonas Nzabamwita, PhD — Mon, 21 Jul 2025 14:49:40 +0200

The general objective of the study was to investigate the impact of flooding on the livelihood of the Community in Kamonyi District. The Specific objectives were: to establish the causes of flooding, to assess the occurrence and intensity of flooding, to evaluate the livelihood of the community of Kamonyi District, to investigate the effect of flooding on biodiversity and to examine the coping mechanism. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The targeted population for this study included 838 farmers and 6 local leaders. However, given that this population was huge, sampling was conducted of this target population. The simple random sampling was applied in the selection of respondents from the farmers who use this marshland in cultivation, whereby 75 respondents were used as a sample and the Purposive sampling was used to select local leaders. Both primary and secondary data were used. Data collection methods included questionnaires, interview schedules and document review. In relation to the first specific objectives, Table 6 indicates that massive rainfall was identified as a major cause of flooding, accounting for 44.94%. Hydrological changes were also reported as a contributing factor at 14.50%. It is important for farmers to understand and follow advice given by local leaders regarding flood prevention in their cultivation areas. The sector officer in charge of agriculture must ensure that tools reserved for the development of modern agriculture are effectively utilised with proper distribution and allocation of resources

Impacts of Mining Activities on Socioeconomic Development of Local Communities in Rwamagana District: A Case Study of Musha Mine in Musha Sector

Gatabazi Innocent, Albert Onguti Maake, PhD — Tue, 22 Jul 2025 11:07:07 +0200

The mining industry in Rwanda, particularly in the Musha sector, plays a pivotal role in generating export revenues from minerals such as tin, tungsten, and tantalum. This study investigates the socioeconomic benefits and challenges faced by residents living near mining operations, highlighting significant implications for both socioeconomic and environmental sustainability. A mixed-methods approach was employed, collecting quantitative data from a structured survey of 378 households, selected through Yamane's formula from a target population of 27,525, complemented by qualitative insights from local leaders and representatives of Trinity Metals. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and documentary reviews, and analysed using multiple regression and ANOVA, with qualitative data being thematically analysed. Findings reveal that mining activities have led to increased employment (mean = 4.06), income, and infrastructure development (mean = 4.89), while also resulting in environmental degradation and health risks associated with mining practices. Notably, residents reported a moderate understanding of operational strategies (mean = 3.57) and the effective application of safety measures, such as emergency protocol training (mean = 4.89) and personal protective equipment usage (mean = 4.53), although gaps in safe lifting techniques were identified (mean = 3.72). The study establishes that 78.3% of the variance in socioeconomic development can be attributed to mining practices, underscoring the profound impact of these activities on local communities. The research calls for enhanced safety protocols, sustainable mining practices, and further investigation into the socioeconomic dynamics linked to mining to inform policies that protect community health and promote equitable development

Unpacking the Concept “Green Charcoal,” A Cooking Fuel Innovation: The Gulu University Interdisciplinary Experience

Mon, 04 Aug 2025 22:16:26 +0200

Introduction: This paper reviews the concept of "Green Charcoal," drawing extensively on lessons learned from the UPCHAIN project implemented at Gulu University. Methodology: Based on research conducted by Work Package Two of the UPCHAIN project, complemented by a comprehensive literature review, this study examines the definitional ambiguities, practical challenges, and socio-environmental considerations inherent in developing sustainable charcoal alternatives within the unique context of Northern Uganda. Key results: The study defines Green charcoal as a clean, eco-friendly solid biofuel produced through the carbonisation or densification of biodegradable, carbon-rich organic waste materials such as agricultural residues, forestry by-products, and household waste using efficient, often mechanised, briquetting technologies. Historically, firewood and traditional charcoal have been the primary cooking fuels in the region, valued for their affordability and accessibility. Green charcoal is now emerging as a promising, sustainable alternative, marking a potential shift in the energy landscape. Households across both rural and urban settings commonly employ a combination of cooking fuels. There are vast definitions for green charcoal, coupled with acceptances and rejections. Conclusion: Most households in the region still depend on firewood and traditional charcoal because they are affordable and easy to get. Challenges in access and distribution, coupled with fierce competition from the informal traditional charcoal sector, complicate the widespread acceptance of green charcoal. Green charcoal has been embraced because of its environmental benefits (less deforestation), health advantages (less smoke), economic potential, and the availability of local raw materials. However, it's often rejected due to higher initial costs, being harder to light, producing more ash, not fitting traditional cooking methods, and inconsistent quality. Recommendations: Addressing affordability and accessibility gaps, integrate green charcoal with existing cultural norms and practices, integrating green charcoal with existing cultural norms and practices, and enhancing perceived value and usability.

Waste Management Approaches and Environmental Conservation in Uganda: A Case of Kabale Municipal Council

Moses Ahimbisibwe, Milton Rwangire, Elias Nuwagaba — Tue, 05 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0200

The study focused on the influence of waste management approaches on environmental conservation in Kabale Municipal Council. Specifically, to examine different methods of waste management and their influence on environmental conservation, to assess the challenges faced in waste management and its effects on environmental conservation and to establish measures in place to promote waste management in environmental conservation in Kabale Municipal Council. A case study design was employed, using a qualitative approach. A purposive sampling technique was applied to select 17 respondents. Data collection methods included interviews and focus group discussions. The data was analysed using thematic analysis with the aid of NVIVO. The study established that Kabale Municipal Council has made some efforts to promote recycling by setting up plastic waste collection points and encouraging businesses to recycle materials. The study found that incineration, as a method of waste management, has not been widely implemented in the Kabale Municipal Council. The study also found that Kabale Municipal Council primarily utilises waste collection trucks for regular household and commercial waste collection. The study found that municipalities lack sufficient waste collection vehicles and waste disposal facilities to cover all areas, especially informal settlements and rural zones. The study found that Kabale Municipal Council has launched public awareness campaigns to educate residents about the importance of proper waste management, recycling, and the health risks of improper waste disposal. The study recommends that the Kabale Municipal Council should encourage households and businesses to separate their waste into categories. The study also recommends that the Kabale Municipal Council should launch continuous public education campaigns to inform the community about the importance of waste segregation, recycling, and proper disposal. Lastly, it was recommended that the Kabale Municipal Council should develop and implement a long-term waste management plan that includes waste minimisation, collection, recycling, disposal, and energy recovery

Impacts of Non-Compliance with Environmental Mitigation Measures for Road Construction on Community Livelihood in Nyanza and Bugesera Districts, Rwanda

Gakunzi Santos, Pancras Ndokoye, PhD, Regine Musengimana — Wed, 06 Aug 2025 18:25:01 +0200

The study sought to investigate the environmental impacts mitigation methods for road construction and community livelihood in Rwanda. Case of Nyanza and Bugesera. The study employed a mixed-method approach, collecting both quantitative and qualitative data by utilising a sample size of 249 respondents. Data collection techniques included questionnaires, interviews, and document analysis. The data were analysed through means, standard deviation and multiple linear regression analysis. Findings showed that environmental degradation was a notable outcome of the Kibugabuga-Shinga-Gasoro Road construction, with key concerns such as soil erosion (Mean = 3.85, SD = 0.78), vegetation destruction (Mean = 3.75, SD = 0.81), and water pollution exceeding World Health Organization thresholds. Multiple regression analysis revealed that 67.7% of the variance in environmental and socio-economic impacts could be explained by the combined effect of enforcement, mitigation, and monitoring measures. Among the predictors, monitoring contributed 39.8%, mitigation accounted for 26.5%, and enforcement contributed 24.2% to the observed impacts. These findings indicate that inadequate implementation of these three components was strongly associated with increased environmental degradation and socio-economic disturbances in the project areas. The study concludes that non-compliance with environmental impact mitigation measures significantly influenced environmental and socio-economic disruptions during the road construction project. The weak enforcement of environmental guidelines, poor implementation of mitigation measures, and inconsistent monitoring practices were the primary contributors to the observed negative impacts. To improve compliance and reduce negative outcomes, the study recommends that government agencies strengthen enforcement mechanisms through increased funding, staffing, and independent oversight. Project implementers should integrate mitigation plans into all stages of construction with clear timelines and accountability. Additionally, continuous environmental monitoring and transparent reporting should be institutionalised, and local communities should be actively involved in the oversight process to ensure sustainable and environmentally responsible road infrastructure development.