Effectiveness and Efficiency of Eggshells and Tamarindus indica (Tamarind) Seeds as Absorbents in Removal of Fluoride Ions from Water at Different PH Level

Hamisi M. Kingongo; Jacob Kihila; Nicholaus Mwageni; Stalin Mkumbo

doi:10.37284/eajenr.8.1.2921

Hamisi M. Kingongo Tengeru Institute of Community Development
Jacob Kihila Tengeru Institute of Community Development
Nicholaus Mwageni Tengeru Institute of Community Development
Stalin Mkumbo Tengeru Institute of Community Development

##plugins.pubIds.doi.readerDisplayName##: https://doi.org/10.37284/eajenr.8.1.2921

##share.article##:

Résumé

Excessive fluoride ingestion predominantly comes from drinking water sources. Information on the extent of health problems caused by fluoride is scanty. Prevalence and severity of dental and skeletal fluorosis in northern Tanzania have been reported to be higher than would be expected from ingestion of fluoride through drinking water alone. To fill in this gap, a study was conducted aiming to develop a natural adsorbent suitable for the defluoridation of drinking water by using the Jar test method. The water sample in the investigation was synthesized by mixing sodium fluoride (NaF), with deionized water and the determination of fluoride ions and data analysis was performed by using a fluoride meter and Excel computer program respectively. The adsorption study was conducted by batch experiment method in three phases, in the first phase involved the investigation of the influence of adsorbents’ particle size (1.18mm, 0.6mm, 0.45mm, 0.3mm, and 0.15mm) in different pH levels (2.8, 5.6, 7, and 9.6) and it has been observed that the particle size with higher uptake capacity of sorbents was 0.6mm mesh at optimum pH of 7. The second and third phases involved checking the influence of the adsorbents’ dosage, it has been observed that the higher the dosage, the great the uptake capacity of sorbents on the adsorbents would be and the effluence of physisorption in the removal of fluoride ions from water, it was revealed that the long the contact time the higher uptake of sorbents on adsorbent would be until the equilibrium attained at optimum time of 225 minutes which removed 87.2% by eggshells and 270 minutes which removed 88.6% by tamarind seeds consecutively. The adsorption isotherms show that the correlation factor, R² at optimum conditions was greater than 0.7 an indication that the adsorption process conformed to the Freundlich isotherms, it was further revealed that the removal efficiency was higher at neutral conditions (pH of 7.3). Moreover, the removal efficiency was observed to increase with an increase in the amount of adsorbents’ dosage. It was therefore recommended that the eggshells and tamarind seeds can be used for defluoridation of drinking water as an alternative and cost-effective technology. Also, it was suggested that further studies should be carried out on removal efficiency under mixed adsorbents’ dosage to find out the most efficient and convenient adsorbents for fluoride removal.

##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##

##plugins.generic.usageStats.noStats##

Références

Ajmal, M., Mohammad, A., Yousuf, R. & Ahmad, A. (1998). Adsorption behaviour of cadmium, zinc, nickel and lead from aqueous solutions by Mangifera indica seed shell. Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 40, 15–26.

Amrit Tewari, Ved Prakash Jalili (1986). Fluorides and dental caries, Indian Dental Association.

APHA, AWWA, WEF. (1992). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th ed. American Public Health Association/ American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington DC, USA.

Bulusu, K. R., Sundaresan, B. B., Pathak, B. N., Nawlakhe, W. G., Kulkarni, D. N., Thergaonkar, V. P. (1979). Fluorides in water, defluoridation methods and their limitations. Journal of Institute of Engineers (India) – Environmental Engineering Division, 60: 1 - 25.

Sundaram, C. S., Viswanathan, N. and Meenakshi, S. (2009). Defluoridation of water using Magnesia/chitosan composite‖. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163 (2-3): 618 - 624.

Cao, S. R., Li, Y. F. (1992). The evaluation of indoor air quality in areas of endemic fluorosis Caused by coal combustion. In: Proceedings of the XIX Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research, Kyoto, Japan, 1992. Kyoto, Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical College, p. 38.

Dean, H. T. (1942). Epidemiological studies in the United States. In: Moulton FR, ed. fluorine and dental health. Washington, DC. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS, Publication No. 19.

Fitzgerald, J., Cunliffe, D., Rainow, S., Dodds, S., Hostetler, S., & Jacobson, G. (2000). Groundwater quality and environmental health implications, Anangu Pitjantjatjara lands, South Australia. Canberra: Bureau of Rural Sciences.

Kalyani, G., Rao, B., Saradhi, V. and Y.P. Kumar, Y. P. (2009). Equilibrium and kinetic studies on biosorption of zinc onto gallus domesticus shell powder‖, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4(1): 39-49.

George S, Pandit P, Gupta A. B. (2010). Residual aluminum in water defluoridated using Activated alumina adsorption-modeling and simulation studies. Water Research, 44, (10) 3055-3064.

Hauge, S., Osterberg, R., Bjorvatn, K. and Selvig, K. (1994). Defluoridation of drinking water by the use of pottery: effect of firing temperature. Unpublished report, Artadveien, Bergen, Norway.

WHO. (1984). Fluorine and fluorides. International Programme on Chemical Safety (Environmental Health Criteria 36. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/37288/929241540966-eng.pdf.

Sloof, W., Earens, H. C., Janus, J. and Rose, J. P. M. (1988). Integrated criteria document Fluorides, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (Appendix to Report No. 75847005.

Kaseva, M. E. (2006). Optimization of regenerated bone chars for fluoride removal in Drinking water. A Case Study in Tanzania. Journal of Water Health, 4 (1): 139 - 47.

Larsen, M. J. and E. I. F. Pearce, E. I. F. (1993). Defluoridation of water at high pH with use of Brushite, Calcium hydroxide and Bone char. J Dent Res, 72 (11): 1519 - 25.

Larsen, M. J. and Pearce, E. I. F. (1992). Partial defluoridation of drinking water using fluorapatite precipitation. Caries Res, 26: 22 8

Larsen, M. J. and. Pearce, E. I. F. (2002). Defluoridation of Drinking Water by Boiling with Brushite and Calcite, Caries Research, 36: 341 - 346.

Mariappan, P., Bhavnagar, C. K., Vasudevan, T. (2011). Domestic defluoridation techniques and sector approach for fluorosis mitigation. Pg 1-11. URL: www.twadboard.gov.in (Accessed on 2011 Jan. 4th).

Maruthamuthu, M., & Reddy, V. (1987). A native index of defluoridation by serpentine. FLUORIOE., 20(5), 64-67.

Meltzer, Y. L. (1976). Water-soluble polymers: Recent developments. Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, New Jersey.

Murugan, M. and Subramanian, H. (2007). Studies on defluoridation of water by Tamarind Seed, an unconventional biosorbent. Journal of Water and Health, 4: 453-461

Murugan, M. & Subramanian, E. (2002). Application of Aloe Vera (Indian Aloe) a plant Material for deﬂuoridation. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 22(9), 1034–1039.

Fejerskov, O., Ekstrand, J., Burt, B. A. (1996). Fluoride in Dentistry. 2nd ed; Munksgaard: John Wiley & Sons, Limited, Book Review on Flouride, Vol. 26 (2) 1996. p.167.

Mariappan, P., Yegnaraman, V. and Vasudevan, T. (2002). Defluoridation of Water Using Low Cost Activated Carbons, IJEP, 22 (2):154 – 160 Defluoridation by bone char. Available from: URL: http://www.grad.cmu.ac.htm.

Sajidu, S. M. I., Masamba, W. R. L., Thole, B., Mwatseteza, J. F., (2008). Groundwater fluoride levels in villages of Southern Malawi and removal studies using bauxite. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 3, 001 – 011.

Shirke, P. A. and Chandra, P. (1991). Fluoride uptake by Duck-Weed Spirodela Polyrrhiza. Fluoride 24, 109–112.

Hiremath, S. S. (2006). Textbook of Preventive and Community Dentistry. Bengalore: Elsevier India; 2006.

Weber, T. W., & Chakravorti, R. K. (1974). Pore and solid diffusion models for fixed‐bed adsorbers. AIChE Journal, 20(2), 228-238.

US EPA. (1985b). National primary drinking water regulations; fluoride; final rule and Proposed rule. US Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Register, 50(220):47142–47171.

World Health Organization (WHO). (2008). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality: Volume 1 Recommendation, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 3rd edition.

Vuhahula, E. A. M., Masalu, J. R. P., Mabulya, A., Wandwi, W. B. C. (2008). Dental fluorosis in Tanzania Great Valley in relation to fluoride levels in water.

Dahi, E., Siddhuraju, K. C, Henrik, B. D. (1995). Development of the contact precipitation method for appropriate defluoridation of water. Proceeding of 2nd International Workshop on Fluorosis and Defluoridation of Water, Eds. E Dahi E & J M Nielsen; Int. Soc. Fluoride Res.

Mjengera, H. (1988). Excess fluoride in portable water in Tanzania and defluoridation Technology with emphasis on the use of polyaluminium chloride and magnesite. University of Tampere.