Implementation of CITES in Tanzania: Fairytale or Promising Journey? An Analysis of Legal Framework and Practice
Ikisiri
Tanzania is rich in natural resources and home to one of Africa’s largest networks of wildlife-protected areas, including over 1,000 bird species and the world’s largest elephant population. As a dedicated wildlife conservation advocate, Tanzania ratified the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in 1979 and became a party in 1980. The Wildlife Conservation Act (WCA), enacted in 1974 and revised in 2009, along with CITES-specific regulations from 2005, guide Tanzania's conservation efforts. Using both descriptive and normative research legal approaches, this article expounds the Country’s implementation with CITES. It notes that, while the country generally complies with CITES obligations by designating authorities and regulating trade, challenges remain in maintaining trade records, reporting, and controlling illegal wildlife trade. Since 2015, political will to enforce wildlife laws has increased, but Tanzania still faces constraints in human and financial resources, limited capacity to investigate wildlife crimes, and lack of awareness among communities and law enforcement agencies. Additionally, weaknesses in Zanzibar’s legal framework hinder conservation effectiveness. Despite these issues, Tanzania has the potential to improve CITES enforcement by enhancing resource allocation, legal reforms, and regional collaboration. Community involvement in conservation efforts is key to achieving sustainable management of the country's rich natural heritage.
Upakuaji
Marejeleo
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The Official Website for the United Republic of Tanzania. (June 28, 2020). https://www.tanzania.go.tz/home/pages/72 . Tanganyika became a sovereign state on 9th December 1961 and became a Republic one year later. Zanzibar became independent on 10th December 1963 and the People's Republic of Zanzibar was established following the revolution of 12th January 1964. On 26th April 1964 the two sovereign Republics united to form the United Republic of Tanzania.
Other Countries are Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
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According to the case of Emmanuel Simforian Massawe vs Republic (Crim Appeal No.252 of 2016) [2018] Tanzania Court of Appeal3; (21 February 2018) the DPP is not required to provide any reason for decision).
Section 13 of the Written Laws (Miscellaneous Amendment) Act, 2016 (amending section 60 of the Economic and Organized Crime Control Act, (Cap 200 of laws of Tanzania).
Section 95(4). Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority (TAWA) under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism is an autonomous public institution that was established by the Wildlife Conservation (The Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority) Establishment Order, 2014. It is responsible for undertaking the administration and sustainable management of wildlife resource and biodiversity conservation outside National Parks and Ngorongoro Conservation Area. This entails managing a total area of 169,553 Square km (79% of the total size of protected areas in the country) comprising of Game Reserves, Game Controlled Areas and open areas.
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This organization was established by Act of Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania No. 4 of 1980, under the name “Serengeti Wildlife Research Institute” (SWRI), with the overall responsibility of carrying out, coordinating and supervising all wildlife research in the country. In the year 1999 through Act No. 10 the original name of the Institute was changed from SWRI to and the organization was given the mandate on wildlife research throughout the country. See its history at http://www.tawiri.or.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13&Itemid=18
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Section 2 of the Wildlife Conservation Act, Chapter 283, Revised Edition 2022; http://154.118.226.98/bitstream/handle/123456789/313/CHAPTER%20283%20The%20Wildlife%20Conservation%20Act%20R_E%202022.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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The responsibilities of the Tanzania Police Force are given under Section 5 of the 2002 Act (amendment - Military Police Service Provider) Cap. 322. These responsibilities include peacekeeping, protecting civilians and their property, detecting crime before being committed, arresting criminals and bringing them to court, and overseeing the implementation of laws and regulations of the country. Besides the law, practice in the police force is governed by regulations (Police General Order) hand in hand with the basic values of the police force. The Police Force also abides by international agreements on security and human rights.
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Imori, J. M., & Pallangyo, W. A. (2017). Assessment of Crime and Crime Level in Kinondoni Police Regional Stations, Dar Es Salaam Tanzania. International Journal of Political Science, 3(2), 56-64; Crime and policing issues in Dar es Salaam Tanzania focusing on: Community neighbourhood watch groups - “sungusungu” presented at the 1st sub Saharan executive policing conference International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Durban, South Africa: 27 – 30 August, 2000. https://mirror.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/1632_19286_Sungusungu.pdf
See the report at https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/trade/CrimeStats_Jan-Des2016English.pdf Comparatively Kenya has one for every 1,150 and Ghana one for every 1,200.
Ibid. see also Crime and policing issues in Dar es Salaam Tanzania focusing on: Community neighbourhood watch groups - “sungusungu” presented at the 1st sub Saharan executive policing conference International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Durban, South Africa: 27 – 30 August, 2000. https://mirror.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/1632_19286_Sungusungu.pdf
Sina, F. E. C. (2023). Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora and its implementation in the United States of America, the European Union, Tanzania, India and Colombia: a study on the implementation of obligations under a multilateral environmental agreement. [Doctoral Thesis, Maastricht University]. https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20230612fs
Ibid.
The United Republic of Tanzania. 2017, January). Crime Statistics Report January. Tanzania police Force. https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/trade/CrimeStats_Jan-Des2016English.pdf; The United Republic of Tanzania. 2020, January). Crime Statistics Report January-December Tanzania police Force. https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/Crime/Crime_Report_January_to_%20December_2020.pdf
Ibid.
See Part II of the National Prosecution Services Act, 2008.
The Office has an office in all regions within the Tanzania Mainland.
Interview with Attorney in Charge of the Wildlife Crimes Prosecution Unit held from 9:00 to 10:00 AM at the Office of Director of Public Prosecutions- Dar es Salaam
Escot, L., Majamba, H., & Slobodian, L. (2016). Wildlife cases in Tanzanian courts. IUCN. P. 26. http://www.wildlex.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Wildlife%20Cases%20in%20Tanzanian%20Courts_0.pdf.
The law requires most of the wildlife cases to be tried by the High Court. However, the DDP may issue a certificate under Section 2, 12(3) of the Economic and Organized Crimes Control Act, (Cap 200 R.E. 2002).
Escot, L., Majamba, H., & Slobodian, L. (2016). Wildlife cases in Tanzanian courts. IUCN. pp. 27-30.
Section 100(1) of the Wildlife Conservation Act, 2009. The said section provides “In any proceedings for the offence of unlawful hunting, killing or capturing an animal contrary to the provisions of this Act, the proof of burden to prove that the animal was hunted, killed or captured pursuant to, and in accordance with the terms of a license issued, permit or authority given under this Act shall lie on the person charged”.
The United Republic of Tanzania. (2022). National Audit Office of Tanzania, A performance Audit Report on the Maintenance of Wildlife in Game Reserves and Game Controlled Areas, 2013.pp 8- 16.
Established under Article 107A of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977.
Legal and Human Rights Centre (2015), Tanzania Human Rights Report 2015 (Tanzania Mainland), pp.48-50. http://www.humanrights.or.tz/userfiles/file/TANZANIA%20HUMAN%20RIGHTS%202015.pdf
Speech by Hon. Prof. Mussa Juma (CJ) During Official swearing ceremony of the new Judges, November 4, 2019 at the State House.
See speech by Tanzanian Chief Justice at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbSQGu8tFJ8; #LIVE:RAIS SAMIA AFANYA UAPISHO WA MAJAJI NA KAMISHNA JENERALI WA MAGEREZA. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRzCfwgQaCU (speech by Prof. Juma the Chief Justice on swearing of Judges and Prisons Commissioners).
See Hotuba Ya Jaji Mkuu Mhe. Prof. Ibrahim Hamis Juma Kwenye Kilele Cha Wiki Ya Elimu Na Siku Ya Sheria Jijini Dar Es Salaam, Tarehe 06 Februari, 2020. https://tanzlii.org/blog/hotuba-ya-jaji-mkuu-mhe-prof-ibrahim-hamis-juma-kwenye-kilele-cha-wiki-ya-elimu-na-siku-ya (speech by Prof. Juma the Chief Justice during the eve of law day at Dar es Salaam on February 6, 2020)
This is pursuant to requirements of section 2, 12(3) of the Economic and Organized Crimes Control Act, [Cap. 200 R.E. 2002].
Hon. Prof. Mussa Juma (CJ) during the Official swearing ceremony of the new Judges, November 4, 2019 at the State House. pp.8-16.
National Audit Office of Tanzania. (2013). A performance audit report on the maintenance of wildlife in game reserves and game controlled areas, 2013. pp.30- 34. However, there has recently been a tremendous progress in sanctions for wildlife offences which are now considered economic cases.
IIED Briefing, beyond enforcement: engaging communities in tackling wildlife crime, April 2015. http://pubs.iied.org/17293IIED. The briefing has pointed out that the “continued depletion of high-value species such as elephants and rhinos, despite great increases in enforcement, affirm the limitations of such approaches”. “Even when enforcement is successful at the level of a specific site, it may have the effect of displacing the poaching threat to other areas where enforcement is weaker and local communities are poor or disenfranchised enough to have an incentive to engage in wildlife crime. As many populations of high-value species coincide with areas of high poverty, and heavy enforcement cannot be always applied everywhere, the illegal wildlife trade will likely continue to move along the path of least resistance”.
The contemporary enforcement-dominated approaches have not only proven ineffective for conservation, but they have been accompanied by worrying social consequences. In some developing countries, enforcers have reportedly perpetrated human rights abuses such as destruction of property, killing, rape, and torture. Poorly targeted enforcement activities have resulted in lowering the local community’s confidence in the conservation authorities.
IIED Briefing, beyond enforcement: engaging communities in tackling wildlife crime, April 2015. http://pubs.iied.org/17293IIED.
See Beyond Enforcement Symposium Report. http://pubs.iied.org/G03903.html.
Ibid.
DLA Piper (2014). Empty Threat: Does the law combat illegal wildlife trade? A review of legislative and judicial approaches in fifteen jurisdictions. DLA Piper, London.
Sina, F. E. C. (2023). Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora and its implementation in the United States of America, the European Union, Tanzania, India and Colombia: a study on the implementation of obligations under a multilateral environmental agreement. [Doctoral Thesis, Maastricht University]. https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20230612fs
Ibid.
Challender, D. W., Harrop, S. R., & MacMillan, D. C. (2015). Towards informed and multi-faceted wildlife trade interventions. Global Ecology and Conservation, 3, 129-148.
Berkes, F. (2007). Community-based conservation in a globalized world. Proceedings of the National academy of sciences, 104(39), 15188-15193.
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