Assessment of Energy Consumption Patterns in Urban Residential Buildings: A Case Study of Low-Income Households in Ilala District
Abstract
Buildings are major contributors to global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for approximately one-third of total energy use and nearly one-quarter of carbon dioxide emissions worldwide. In urban areas, residential energy demand is influenced by factors such as household size, appliance ownership and efficiency, occupant behaviour, and environmental conditions. In Tanzania, particularly in the Ilala District, rapid urbanisation and population growth have led to an increase in electricity consumption. However, a limited understanding of energy patterns among low-income households hinders the effective development and planning of policies. This study assessed the energy consumption patterns of 187 low-income households in Ukonga Ward, Ilala District, employing a mixed-methods approach that combined structured surveys, focus group discussions, and secondary data from energy utilities. Household characteristics, appliance usage, lighting, cooking practices, and awareness of energy-efficient technologies were evaluated. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS for descriptive statistics and Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) for multiple linear regression modelling, while qualitative insights from focus groups informed behavioural interpretations. Results indicated that energy consumption generally increases with household size, but the effect diminishes in larger households due to shared appliance use and efficiency gains per person. Households relying on older or second-hand appliances exhibited higher and more variable energy consumption compared to those with energy-efficient appliances. Behavioural patterns, including unnecessary lighting use and limited energy-saving practices, further contributed to elevated consumption. The Relative Importance Index analysis identified household size, appliance age, and building design as critical determinants of energy demand. Findings underscore the significance of integrating socio-economic, technical, and behavioural factors in energy management strategies. The study recommends targeted interventions promoting energy-efficient appliances, behavioural awareness campaigns, time-of-use studies, and region-specific policy development. These insights aim to support sustainable residential energy consumption, improve demand forecasting, and contribute to Tanzania’s broader climate and energy transition objectives.
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