Characterizing River Manafwa Floodplain and Adjacent Soils
Keywords:
Flood Impact, Soil Fertility, Manafwa River, Floodplain, Treatments, Samples
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterise Manafwa River floodplain and adjacent soils. Soil samples were collected from 0 - 20 cm depth in fallowed and cultivated Manafwa floodplain soils for laboratory analysis. Treatments included upland (control), floodplains fallowed for a year, floodplains fallowed for over a year, cultivated floodplains within 5 m and 50 m away from the river banks. Each treatment was replicated three times (3 blocks), and samples collected were analysed for K, Na, available P, total N, exchangeable acidity, pH, organic matter, moisture content, sand, silt, and clay. The soil sampling results were subjected to statistical Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD), and the difference between treatment means were dictated using F-, student’s t and F-LSD/pairwise comparison tests. There was statistically no significant (p > 0.05) difference among different floodplains and uplands studied. Upland soils posted 71.67% for the highest pH and 0.09%, 0.87%, 9.74 ppm, 2.23 ppm and 7.264% for the lowest available N, organic matter, Phosphorous, Sodium and Moisture Content, respectively. Cultivated floodplain soil posted highest total P at 29.16 ppm and pH at 6.39% while fallowed floodplains lowest pH at 5.34%, highest available N at 0.32%, highest organic matter at 4.02%, highest K at 21.33%, highest Na at 13.93%, highest exchangeable acidity at 2.32 Cmol/Kg, highest clay content at 14.33%, lowest sand composition at 38.00%, highest silt composition at 54.8% and highest Moisture Content of 32.472%. As depicted by soil fertility analysis results, Manafwa River floodplain and adjacent soils have the capacity to accommodate and boost crop production and productivity. Any nutrients lost to leaching could be gained from subsequent fallowing and sustainable soil fertility management, proper drainage, crop rotation, adding organic manure, and cover cropping, among others
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References
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Borga, M., Anagnostou, E. N., Blöschl, G., & Creutin, J.-D. (2011). Flash flood forecasting, warning and risk management: the HYDRATE project. Environmental Science & Policy, 14(7), 834–844.
Boyle, C. R., & Montgomery, R. O. Y. D. (1996). An application of the augmented randomised complete block design to poultry research. Poultry Science, 75(5), 601–607.
Bwala, H. B., & Ojo, A. S. (2021). The Courses and Effect of Flooding In Ibaji L G A of Kogi State, Nigeria IOSR Journals A Review of Flood Risk Analysis in Nigeria Akinola Komolafe Assessment of Selected Physical Planning Strategies and the Challenges in Combat ing Flooding in M… The. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, 15, 9–26. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1503030926
Carmer, S. G., & Walker, W. M. (1985). Pairwise multiple comparisons of treatment means in agronomic research. Journal of Agronomic Education, 14(1), 19–26.
Cecinati, F. (2013). Precipitation analysis for a flood early warning system in the Manafwa River Basin, Uganda. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Châu, V. N. (2014). Assessing the Impacts of Extreme Floods on Agriculture in Vietnam : Quang Nam Case Study. 214.
Duaibe, K. (2008). Human activities and flood hazards and risks in the southwest Pacific: A case study of the Navua catchment area, Fiji Islands.
Ehiorobo, J. O., & Uso, N. O. (2014). Flood Frequency Analysis in the Lower River Niger Basin at Onitsha. Journal of Engineering Research, 19(1). www.waado.org/nigerdelta/nigeria_facts/nigerianmaps/nigeria_cities.html
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Federer, W. T., & Searle, S. R. (1976). Model considerations and variance component estimation in augmented completely randomised and randomised complete blocks designs-Preliminary Version.
Gallardo, A. (2003). Spatial Variability of Soil Properties in a Floodplain Forest in Northwest Spain. Eco-systems, 6(6), 564–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0198-9
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Iwegbue, C. M. A., Tesi, G. O., Overah, L. C., Emoyan, O. O., Nwajei, G. E., & Martincigh, B. S. (2020b). Effects of Flooding on the Sources, Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Human Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Floodplain Soils of the Lower Parts of the River Niger, Nigeria. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 40(2), 228– 244. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2017.1403329
Kaur, G., Singh, G., Motavalli, P. P., Nelson, K. A., Orlowski, J. M., & Golden, B. R. (2020). Impacts and management strategies for crop production in waterlogged or flooded soils: A review. In Agronomy Journal (Vol. 112, Issue 3, pp. 1475–1501). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20093
Kozlowski, T. T. (1997). Responses of woody plants to flooding and salinity. Tree Physiology, 17(7), 490.
Malik, S., & Pal, S. C. (2021). Potential flood frequency analysis and susceptibility mapping using CMIP5 of MIROC5 and HEC-RAS model: a case study of lower Dwarkeswar River, Eastern India. SN Applied Sciences, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-04104-z
Manta, H., & Ahaneku, E. (2009). Flood frequency analysis of Gurara River catchment at Jere, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Scientific Research and Essay, 4(6), 636–646. http://www.academicjournals.org/SRE
Masood, M., & Takeuchi, K. (2012). Assessment of flood hazard, vulnerability and risk of mid-eastern Dhaka using DEM and 1D hydrodynamic model. Natural Hazards, 61(2), 757–770.
Mohammed, A. (2020). Genotype by environment interaction and yield stability analysis of open-pollinated maise varieties using AMMI model in Afar Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, 12(1), 8– 15. https://doi.org/10.5897/jpbcs2019.0839
Negash, H., & Mohammed, M. (2014). Soil Fertility in Koka Nagawo Area of Lumme District in East Shoa Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia. East African Journal of Sciences, 8(1), 1–12.
Njoku, C., Igwe, T. S., & Ngene, P. N. (2011). Effect of flooding on soil physico-chemical properties in Abakaliki Ebonyi State Nigeria. Afr. J. Prof. Res. Human Develop, 7(1), 18–23.
Nsor, M. E., & Akamigbo, F. O. R. (2009). Characterisation, classification and land use management of flood plain soils of central cross River state, Nigeria. In the global journal of agricultural sciences (vol. 8, issue 1).
Odunuga, S., & Raji, S. A. (2014). Flood Frequency Analysis and Inundation Mapping of Lower Ogun River Basin. In Journal of Water Resource and Hydraulic Engineering Sept (Vol. 3, Issue 3).
Ogbodo, E. N. (2011). Assessment of Some Soil Fertility Characteristics of Abakaliki Urban Flood Plains of South-East Nigeria, for Sustainable Crop Production. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 7(4), 489–495.
Ogden, R., Reid, M., & Thoms, M. (2007). Soil fertility in a large dryland floodplain: Patterns, processes and the implications of water resource development. Catena, 70(2), 114– 126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2006.08.004
Ogwang, B. A., Guirong, T., & Haishan, C. (2012). (droughts) experienced in the years. In Pakistan Journal of Meteorology (Vol. 9).
Ogwuche, J. A., & Abah, I. A. (2014). Assessment of Flood Disaster Vulnerability for Flood Insurance Programme in Part of Makurdi Floodplain, Benue State, Nigeria. Donnish Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 1(1), 1–005. http://www.donnishjournals.org/djene
Onifade, O. A., Adio-Moses, R. O., Adigun, J. O., Oguntunji, I. O., & Ogungboye, R. O. (2014). Impacts of flood disaster on sustainable National Development in Ibadan North local government, Oyo state.
Orimoloye, J. R., Alasa, I. R., & Umweni, A. S. (2018). Characterisation and classification of some flood plain soils at Weppa, Edo State, Nigeria for sustainable agricultural productivity. Ife Journal of Agriculture, 30(3), 1–18.
Pilla, R. S., Kitska, D. J., & Loader, C. (2005). Statistical analysis of modified complete randomised designs: Applications to chemo-orientation studies. Journal of Experimental Biology, 208 (7), 1267–1276. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01523
Rahman, M. M., & Ranamukhaarachchi, S. L. (2003). Environmental Fertility Status and Possible Tista Floodplain Soils Consequences in Bangladesh. 8(3).
Rodríguez, S. F. F., Enríquez, M. Á. U., Escalona, Y. P., Larramendi, L. R., Guevara Hernández, F., Árias Yero, I., Conci Rinaudo, M. C., Tamagno Sánchez, M. R., Árias Yero, I., Conci Rinaudo, M. C., Mercado Ollarzábal, Á. L., Travieso Torres, M., Tamayo López, L., Tamagno Sánchez, M. R., & Fonseca Flores, M. (2016). Disturbances caused by floods in three physical properties of a vertisol soil in the east region of Cuba, cultivated with sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). Holos, 4, 115. https://doi.org/10.15628/holos.2016.4658
Sadiq, A. A., Abdullahi, M., & Ardo, A. U. (2019). Assessment of post-flood impact on farmlands along river benue floodplains of Yola and environs. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9(2), 679–691.
Tsheboeng, G., Bonyongo, M., & Murray-Hudson, M. (2014). Flood variation and soil nutrient content in floodplain vegetation communities in the okavango delta. South African Journal of Science, 110(3–4). https://doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2014/20130168
Ubuoh. (2016). Effects of flooding on soil quality in abakaliki agro-ecological zone of south-eastern state, Nigeria. In International Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research (Vol. 1, Issue 3).
Udo, E. J., Ibia, T. O., Ogunwale, J. A., Ano, A. O., & Esu, I. E. (2009). Manual of soil, plant and water analysis. Lagos: Sibon Books, Publishers Ltd., Nigeria, 183.
Vargas, R. (2017). Deterministic hydrological modelling for flood risk assessment in large urban environments : application to Mexico City To cite this Version : HAL Id : tel-01488436 information and communication sciences presented by.
Wakuma Abaya, S., Mandere, N., & Ewald, G. (2009). Floods and health in Gambella region, Ethiopia: a qualitative assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of coping mechanisms. Global Health Action, 2(1), 2019.
Wright, R. B., Lockaby, B. G., & Walbridge, M. R. (2001). Phosphorus availability in an artificially flooded south-eastern floodplain forest soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65(4), 1293–1302.
Ayugi, B., Tan, G., Rouyun, N., Zeyao, D., Ojara, M., Mumo, L., Babaousmail, H., & Ongoma, V. (2020). Evaluation of meteorological drought and flood scenarios over Kenya, East Africa. Atmosphere, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030307
Bingwa, F. (2013). A quantitative analysis of the impact of land use changes on floods in the Manafwa River Basin. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Borga, M., Anagnostou, E. N., Blöschl, G., & Creutin, J.-D. (2011). Flash flood forecasting, warning and risk management: the HYDRATE project. Environmental Science & Policy, 14(7), 834–844.
Boyle, C. R., & Montgomery, R. O. Y. D. (1996). An application of the augmented randomised complete block design to poultry research. Poultry Science, 75(5), 601–607.
Bwala, H. B., & Ojo, A. S. (2021). The Courses and Effect of Flooding In Ibaji L G A of Kogi State, Nigeria IOSR Journals A Review of Flood Risk Analysis in Nigeria Akinola Komolafe Assessment of Selected Physical Planning Strategies and the Challenges in Combat ing Flooding in M… The. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, 15, 9–26. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1503030926
Carmer, S. G., & Walker, W. M. (1985). Pairwise multiple comparisons of treatment means in agronomic research. Journal of Agronomic Education, 14(1), 19–26.
Cecinati, F. (2013). Precipitation analysis for a flood early warning system in the Manafwa River Basin, Uganda. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Châu, V. N. (2014). Assessing the Impacts of Extreme Floods on Agriculture in Vietnam : Quang Nam Case Study. 214.
Duaibe, K. (2008). Human activities and flood hazards and risks in the southwest Pacific: A case study of the Navua catchment area, Fiji Islands.
Ehiorobo, J. O., & Uso, N. O. (2014). Flood Frequency Analysis in the Lower River Niger Basin at Onitsha. Journal of Engineering Research, 19(1). www.waado.org/nigerdelta/nigeria_facts/nigerianmaps/nigeria_cities.html
Eleke, P. N., Ezeaku, P. I., & Okenmuo, F. C. (2018). Properties and Conservation Needs of Wetland Soils along Kaduna River, Northern Guinea Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 20(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2018/42888
Federer, W. T., & Searle, S. R. (1976). Model considerations and variance component estimation in augmented completely randomised and randomised complete blocks designs-Preliminary Version.
Gallardo, A. (2003). Spatial Variability of Soil Properties in a Floodplain Forest in Northwest Spain. Eco-systems, 6(6), 564–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0198-9
Guha-Sapir, D., Hargitt, D., & Hoyois, P. (2004). Thirty years of natural disasters 1974-2003: The numbers. Presses univ. De Louvain.
Ibeje, A. O. (2020). Flood Frequency Analysis of River Niger, Shintaku Gauging Station, Kogi State, Nigeria. FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.46792/fuoyejet.v5i2.506
Ibrahim, U. A., Yadima, S. G., & Nur Alkali, A. (2016). Flood Frequency Analysis at Hadejia River in Hadejia–Jama’are River Basin, Nigeria. Civil and Engineering Research, 8(9), 514–2225.
Iwegbue, C. M. A., Tesi, G. O., Overah, L. C., Emoyan, O. O., Nwajei, G. E., & Martincigh, B. S. (2020b). Effects of Flooding on the Sources, Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Human Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Floodplain Soils of the Lower Parts of the River Niger, Nigeria. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 40(2), 228– 244. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2017.1403329
Kaur, G., Singh, G., Motavalli, P. P., Nelson, K. A., Orlowski, J. M., & Golden, B. R. (2020). Impacts and management strategies for crop production in waterlogged or flooded soils: A review. In Agronomy Journal (Vol. 112, Issue 3, pp. 1475–1501). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20093
Kozlowski, T. T. (1997). Responses of woody plants to flooding and salinity. Tree Physiology, 17(7), 490.
Malik, S., & Pal, S. C. (2021). Potential flood frequency analysis and susceptibility mapping using CMIP5 of MIROC5 and HEC-RAS model: a case study of lower Dwarkeswar River, Eastern India. SN Applied Sciences, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-04104-z
Manta, H., & Ahaneku, E. (2009). Flood frequency analysis of Gurara River catchment at Jere, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Scientific Research and Essay, 4(6), 636–646. http://www.academicjournals.org/SRE
Masood, M., & Takeuchi, K. (2012). Assessment of flood hazard, vulnerability and risk of mid-eastern Dhaka using DEM and 1D hydrodynamic model. Natural Hazards, 61(2), 757–770.
Mohammed, A. (2020). Genotype by environment interaction and yield stability analysis of open-pollinated maise varieties using AMMI model in Afar Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, 12(1), 8– 15. https://doi.org/10.5897/jpbcs2019.0839
Negash, H., & Mohammed, M. (2014). Soil Fertility in Koka Nagawo Area of Lumme District in East Shoa Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia. East African Journal of Sciences, 8(1), 1–12.
Njoku, C., Igwe, T. S., & Ngene, P. N. (2011). Effect of flooding on soil physico-chemical properties in Abakaliki Ebonyi State Nigeria. Afr. J. Prof. Res. Human Develop, 7(1), 18–23.
Nsor, M. E., & Akamigbo, F. O. R. (2009). Characterisation, classification and land use management of flood plain soils of central cross River state, Nigeria. In the global journal of agricultural sciences (vol. 8, issue 1).
Odunuga, S., & Raji, S. A. (2014). Flood Frequency Analysis and Inundation Mapping of Lower Ogun River Basin. In Journal of Water Resource and Hydraulic Engineering Sept (Vol. 3, Issue 3).
Ogbodo, E. N. (2011). Assessment of Some Soil Fertility Characteristics of Abakaliki Urban Flood Plains of South-East Nigeria, for Sustainable Crop Production. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 7(4), 489–495.
Ogden, R., Reid, M., & Thoms, M. (2007). Soil fertility in a large dryland floodplain: Patterns, processes and the implications of water resource development. Catena, 70(2), 114– 126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2006.08.004
Ogwang, B. A., Guirong, T., & Haishan, C. (2012). (droughts) experienced in the years. In Pakistan Journal of Meteorology (Vol. 9).
Ogwuche, J. A., & Abah, I. A. (2014). Assessment of Flood Disaster Vulnerability for Flood Insurance Programme in Part of Makurdi Floodplain, Benue State, Nigeria. Donnish Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 1(1), 1–005. http://www.donnishjournals.org/djene
Onifade, O. A., Adio-Moses, R. O., Adigun, J. O., Oguntunji, I. O., & Ogungboye, R. O. (2014). Impacts of flood disaster on sustainable National Development in Ibadan North local government, Oyo state.
Orimoloye, J. R., Alasa, I. R., & Umweni, A. S. (2018). Characterisation and classification of some flood plain soils at Weppa, Edo State, Nigeria for sustainable agricultural productivity. Ife Journal of Agriculture, 30(3), 1–18.
Pilla, R. S., Kitska, D. J., & Loader, C. (2005). Statistical analysis of modified complete randomised designs: Applications to chemo-orientation studies. Journal of Experimental Biology, 208 (7), 1267–1276. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01523
Rahman, M. M., & Ranamukhaarachchi, S. L. (2003). Environmental Fertility Status and Possible Tista Floodplain Soils Consequences in Bangladesh. 8(3).
Rodríguez, S. F. F., Enríquez, M. Á. U., Escalona, Y. P., Larramendi, L. R., Guevara Hernández, F., Árias Yero, I., Conci Rinaudo, M. C., Tamagno Sánchez, M. R., Árias Yero, I., Conci Rinaudo, M. C., Mercado Ollarzábal, Á. L., Travieso Torres, M., Tamayo López, L., Tamagno Sánchez, M. R., & Fonseca Flores, M. (2016). Disturbances caused by floods in three physical properties of a vertisol soil in the east region of Cuba, cultivated with sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). Holos, 4, 115. https://doi.org/10.15628/holos.2016.4658
Sadiq, A. A., Abdullahi, M., & Ardo, A. U. (2019). Assessment of post-flood impact on farmlands along river benue floodplains of Yola and environs. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9(2), 679–691.
Tsheboeng, G., Bonyongo, M., & Murray-Hudson, M. (2014). Flood variation and soil nutrient content in floodplain vegetation communities in the okavango delta. South African Journal of Science, 110(3–4). https://doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2014/20130168
Ubuoh. (2016). Effects of flooding on soil quality in abakaliki agro-ecological zone of south-eastern state, Nigeria. In International Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research (Vol. 1, Issue 3).
Udo, E. J., Ibia, T. O., Ogunwale, J. A., Ano, A. O., & Esu, I. E. (2009). Manual of soil, plant and water analysis. Lagos: Sibon Books, Publishers Ltd., Nigeria, 183.
Vargas, R. (2017). Deterministic hydrological modelling for flood risk assessment in large urban environments : application to Mexico City To cite this Version : HAL Id : tel-01488436 information and communication sciences presented by.
Wakuma Abaya, S., Mandere, N., & Ewald, G. (2009). Floods and health in Gambella region, Ethiopia: a qualitative assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of coping mechanisms. Global Health Action, 2(1), 2019.
Wright, R. B., Lockaby, B. G., & Walbridge, M. R. (2001). Phosphorus availability in an artificially flooded south-eastern floodplain forest soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65(4), 1293–1302.
Published
23 April, 2024
How to Cite
Okoth, J., Otim, D., & Kamalha, E. (2024). Characterizing River Manafwa Floodplain and Adjacent Soils. East African Journal of Engineering, 7(1), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.37284/eaje.7.1.1884
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Copyright (c) 2024 Joseph Micheal Okoth, Daniel Otim, Edwin Kamalha, PhD
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
