East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology

Use of Radio by Smallholder Farmers in Accessing Agricultural Information in Ikolo Ward, Kyela District, Tanzania

Kenneth Nzilano — 2025-07-23

Smallholder farmers rely on radio for agricultural information to improve their farming decisions, but its use is largely shaped by their personal characteristics and specific information needs. The study focused on radio as a tool. This study investigated the use of radio by smallholder farmers to get agricultural information. A cross-sectional research design was employed, and data were collected from 232 randomly selected farmers in Ikolo Ward. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Chi-square tests assessed the association between personal characteristics variables and radio use, with significance set at p < 0.05. Findings revealed that among the communication media, radio was most commonly used by smallholder farmers to access agricultural Information, and they preferred night-time listening. In addition, personal characteristics such as sex, education, and marital status significantly influenced the use of radio for agricultural information, with males and individuals with higher education levels reporting greater use. The binary logistic regression analysis showed that the need for agricultural information on weather updates, fertiliser use, and market price updates had a positive and statistically significant influence on smallholder farmers’ radio use. Radio helps farmers to plan their activities by offering timely and useful weather and market information. The study recommends developing agricultural gender sensitive radio programs focusing on smallholder farmers’ needs, and farmer training on the use of radio to access agricultural information

The Role of Gender Transformative Agro-ecological Interventions in Crop-Based Farming Systems in Tanzania: A Case of Muray Ward, Mbulu District

Elizabeth Paulo Kwaslema — 2025-07-28

This study investigates the role of gender-transformative agro-ecological interventions (GTAI) in crop-based farming systems in Muray Ward, Mbulu District, Tanzania, with particular focus on GTAI undertaken under the "Rural Women Cultivating Change" project. It highlights the importance of understanding gender dynamics to promote equality in agro-ecological practices. A qualitative research design was employed, utilising snowball sampling to engage 58 farmers (27 men and 31 women) through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions as well as direct observation. The objective was to explore the role of GTAI mainly on the gender division of labour, access to resources, and decision-making power among farmers. Findings reveal that while collective labour practices have improved, traditional gender roles persist, with women often burdened by household chores that limit their participation in farming. Decision-making remains predominantly male-dominated, despite some shifts towards shared responsibilities. Access to land is a critical factor influencing autonomy, with entrenched patriarchal norms still favouring male ownership. The study highlights the need for targeted educational initiatives to challenge these norms and promote equitable resource management. While GTAI is fostering inclusivity, significant barriers remain in achieving gender equity in agro-ecological farming practices. Therefore, sustained community education, advocacy for women's land rights, and culturally sensitive engagement strategies to dismantle systemic inequalities were recommended. Future research should focus on the long-term impacts of GTAI across diverse contexts to further advance gender justice and sustainable food systems

Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on the Livelihoods of Pastoralist Communities in Bagamoyo District, Coastal Tanzania

Moson Koika Moti — 2025-07-31

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of climate change on the livelihoods of pastoralist communities in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. To collect sufficient information, 10% (880) of the total pastoralists’ households were randomly selected for structured interviews. Other methods employed include field observation, Key Informants Interview and Focus Group Discussions with purposively selected respondents. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to analyse the data collected. The findings reveal that approximately 74% of respondents believe climate change has harmed livestock quality. The ongoing decrease in rainfall and rising temperatures have heightened the vulnerability of pastoralists. This shift has led to a decline in both the quality and quantity of livestock, resulting in food shortages and increased poverty. In response, pastoralists have adapted by diversifying their livelihoods, changing food sources, selecting different livestock breeds, reducing herd sizes, and migrating. The study recommends modernising local adaptation strategies to enhance the resilience of pastoralist communities in the face of climate change challenges

Influence of Cultivars and Intra Row Spacing on Performance of Maize in Keiyo North Sub-County, Kenya

Ishmael Chesinen — 2025-07-31

Maize is a major crop grown in Kenya for human and animal feed. Its production is determined by farming practices such as plant population, climatic factors, pests, diseases and nutrition, among others. Farmers grow maize varieties and are subject to the same spacing, yet they have varying nutrient requirements, resulting in low yields. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of spacing and varieties on quality and yield of maize. A study was conducted between March to December 2019 at Bugar and Tambach in Keiyo North Sub-County, Kenya. The treatments were three plant spacing at 75 cm× 20 cm, 75 cm× 25 cm and 75 cm× 30 cm. The three maize varieties selected were Hybrid 614, Hybrid 624 and Hybrid 6218. A factorial experiment (3×3) in a Randomised Complete Block Design with three replicates was conducted in both sites. Data was collected on the number of cobs,1000 grain weight and yield per 90kg bag was recorded at the end of the experiment. Data was subjected to two-way analysis of variance and means were separated by Tukey’s Honest Significance test at p≤0.05 in GenStat 14^th Version. Results showed that there was no significant difference in interaction between spacing and varieties in both sites. There was significant p≤0.05 difference on number of cobs in Bugar on spacing but not on variety. The 1000 grain weight was significantly p ≤0.05 different in Tambach for variety but not spacing. H624 under 75 cm×20 cm produced the highest number of cobs in Bugar, while H614 under 75 cm×20 cm was best in Tambach. In conclusion, farmers in Bugar should plant H624 under 75×25cm while those in Tambach should plant H614 under 75 × 30 cm for optimum yields. These should therefore be the recommended spacing for these hybrids in Bugar and Tambach, Elgeyo Marakwet

Contribution of Organic Cotton Production to Household Income Relative to Conventional Cotton Production in Bariadi District, Tanzania

Castory Masanja Saida — 2025-08-08

This paper determines the percentage of household income that is due to organic cotton production and differences in incomes from organic cotton production, conventional cotton, other crops, and non-farm activities among smallholder farmers in Bariadi District, Simiyu Region, Tanzania. Using a mixed-methods cross-sectional design, primary data were collected in 2025 from 364 households through a structured questionnaire, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs). Quantitative data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics to compute descriptive statistics and perform the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, while qualitative data were analysed thematically through content analysis. The results indicated that organic cotton contributed 11.7% to overall income per capita, unlike conventional cotton, which contributed 9.4%. The median income per capita from organic cotton (TZS 23,964.29) was significantly higher than that from conventional cotton (TZS 0.00) (T = 23,617.50, z = -4.706, p < 0.001, r = 0.247), suggesting that organic cotton provided more reliable and profitable income than conventional cotton. Income from conventional cotton was either absent or minimal for many households, largely due to market instability and input costs. Qualitative findings reinforced the quantitative results by revealing that farmers perceive organic cotton production as more rewarding due to improved access to premium markets, price stability through contractual arrangements, reduced input costs, and alignment with environmentally sustainable practices. Respondents emphasised that organic farming not only enhances income but also promotes soil health and long-term agricultural resilience. These findings highlight organic cotton’s potential as a transformative livelihood strategy capable of reducing rural poverty, enhancing household economic resilience, and contributing to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to no poverty, decent work, and climate action. To maximise these benefits, policy interventions should prioritise strengthening organic certification systems, enhancing extension services, and improving market linkages.

Farmers’ Awareness and Use of Mobile Phones in the Management of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt Disease in Uganda

William Tinzaara — 2025-08-12

Mobile phone technology awareness and use in developing countries, Uganda inclusive, is growing at a faster rate in many sectors, including Agriculture. Mobile phone usage has enhanced information flow to the rural communities for the advancement of agriculture. A survey was conducted in four banana-growing districts of Uganda, representing the western region (Isingiro and Mitooma Districts) and the central region (Luwero and Mukono Districts), to assess the extent of awareness and use of mobile phone applications by smallholder banana growers. Data were collected using a questionnaire from 144 farmers representing 144 households. Most of the farmers (66.7%) were aware of mobile phone applications used for accessing agricultural information, although the percentage of farmers (25.7%) using mobile phones to access information for banana Xanthomonas disease management was low. Many factors determined mobile phone use, but banana plantation size, education level, and constraints encountered in the use of mobile phones were the most significant. The leading challenges encountered by farmers using mobile phones for accessing agricultural information were identified as a lack of smartphones, limited knowledge and skills, and poor network connection. We recommend the creation of awareness about mobile phone applications and their use in farming communities by both public and private agricultural extension and advisory service providers

Analysis of Climate Change and Variability on Irish Potato Production among Small-Scale Farmers Using GIS in Narok County, Kenya

Francis Njoroge Kabochi — 2025-08-18

This study explored the analysis of climate change and variability on Irish potato production among small-scale farmers using GIS in Narok County, Kenya. Data collection methods in this study involved: small-scale farmers’ respondents' descriptive survey, in-depth key informant interviews, and GIS website downloads. A sample of 393 small-scale farmers was randomly sampled to gather data on Irish potato production factors. Key informants from the Narok South Agriculture Department provided Irish potato production data from 1991 to 2020, and temperature and rainfall data were downloaded from Google NASA Power. Data from the field was screened and evaluated using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0 program to give frequencies and percentages. Chi-square was calculated and inference made at a confidence level of α=0.05. The results indicated that, Pearson correlation coefficient of variation (CV) of rainfall and temperature against Irish potato production for period in 1991 to 2020 revealed high positive correlations for rainfall (r = 0.826) and high negative correlations for maximum temperature (r = -0.741) and very low negative correlations for minimum temperature (r = -0.2152). The study further outlined that, majority of the respondents, comprising about 90.2 % of the households in the study area, observed highly dry conditions, and only 48.9 % of the household respondents were able to observe low temperature occurrence in their area. From these findings, climate change and variability have an effect on Irish potato production and therefore affect food availability in Narok County. The study recommends that the agricultural extension agents, together with the Kenya Meteorological Department, should endeavour to inform and train farmers on the use of modern geographical information technologies. Moreover, farmers should be encouraged to intercrop Irish potatoes with other food crops to cushion them against climate change and variability. This will not only increase food security within their households but will also equip them with up-to-date information and therefore help them make informed decisions on Irish potato production. This will improve food security amid climate change and variability in Narok County.

Perceptions of Small-Scale Farmers and Extension Officers Towards the Influence of Socio-Demographic Factors in the Utilisation of Digital Technologies for Dissemination of Agricultural Knowledge

Jane Chepkemoi — 2025-08-18

In recent years, digital technologies have emerged as powerful tools to enhance communication, knowledge sharing and decision making in the agricultural sector. Various agricultural digitisation tools are used, including messaging on mobile phones, social media, use of specialised apps by extension officers and small-scale farmers in the dissemination of agricultural knowledge. However, limited research exists on specific perceptions, challenges and opportunities related to the adoption and utilisation of these tools amongst small-scale farmers and extension officers. Previous studies show that different extension approaches result in different adoption levels by farmers. The research was based on the perceptions of small-scale farmers and extension officers towards the use of digital tools in the dissemination of agricultural knowledge in Bomet County, Kenya. The study was guided by these objectives; to assess impact of socio-demographic factors on farmers’ and extension officers’ views on digital tools in agriculture, to compare perceptions of sustainability of digital tools among farmers and extension officers, to explore perception of farmers and extension officers on the constraints on digital tools’ utilization and to compare perspectives of farmers and extension officers on upscaling digital tools in agriculture in Bomet County, Kenya. Ex-posto-facto and comparative research designs were used in the study. A total of 246 respondents were sampled using multi-stage cluster sampling, with simple random sampling and an interview schedule and questionnaire were used to collect data. The data collected was organised and analysed using frequencies, percentages and means. The inferential statistics were analysed using Pearson’s correlation r, then presented in tables, bar charts, graphs and figures. The study concluded that socio-demographic factors greatly influenced digital adoption, highlighting the need for inclusive, well-designed interventions to support marginalised farmers. Policymakers should implement digital strategies that enhance access, provide relevant training, and deliver locally tailored content to meet the diverse needs of marginalised communities.

Revitalising Traditional Food Systems in Uganda: Restoring and Adapting Indigenous Food Storage and Preservation Methods for Improved Food Security in Rwampara District, Southwestern Uganda

Florence Munyonyo Asiimwe — 2025-08-18

Traditional food preservation and storage methods play a crucial role in enhancing food security and reducing poverty in Uganda. However, modernisation and shifting dietary preferences have led to a decline in indigenous knowledge in food systems. This study explores the restoration, adaptation, and valorisation of traditional food preservation and storage methods in Kitunguru Parish, Rugando Sub-County, Rwampara District, in Uganda’s Southwestern Region. Through qualitative research, the study examined how methods such as smoking, sun-drying, boiling, steaming, and frying contribute to the prolonged shelf life of food, ensuring year-round availability and resilience against food scarcity. The findings highlight the socio-economic and cultural significance of these techniques, emphasising their potential to enhance food security, reduce dependency on expensive modern storage facilities, and promote sustainable livelihoods. By integrating indigenous knowledge with modern innovations, the study advocates for policy interventions and community-driven strategies to revitalise traditional food systems. Ultimately, this research underscores the importance of preserving, storing, and adapting indigenous food practices and methods to foster resilience, self-reliance, and sustainable development in rural Uganda

Determinants of Dog Owners’ Willingness to Feed Their Dogs on Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal in Kenya

Susan Ngalo — 2025-08-20

As the demand for sustainable pet food increases, Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) have emerged as a promising alternative protein source. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the acceptance and viability of these advancements. This study investigated the willingness of dog owners in Nairobi and Kisumu, Kenya, to feed their dogs with BSFL-based diets. A cross-sectional survey involving 384 dog owners was conducted using snowball sampling. Face-to-face interviews using semi-structured questionnaires were conducted, and data were analysed through binary logistic regression. Results showed that 72% of respondents expressed willingness to adopt BSFL-based feed, although 58.6% had no prior awareness of it. Key motivators included perceived nutritional benefits (70.83%), improved dog appearance (63.03%), and cost-effectiveness (65.11%). Significant predictors of willingness to feed included county of residence (OR = 6.909, p < 0.001), age (OR = 0.935, p < 0.001), employment status (OR = 0.269, p = 0.012), occupation (OR = 0.431, p = 0.009), perceived benefits (OR = 3.474, p = 0.001), and perceived risks (OR = 0.415, p = 0.018). Education level (p = 0.075) and household size (p = 0.062) were marginally significant. These findings emphasise the role of socio-economic and perceptual factors in shaping consumer acceptance. Public education campaigns, veterinary engagement, and strategic marketing are critical to enhancing uptake of BSFL-based dog food and advancing sustainable pet nutrition in Kenya.

An Assessment of the Safety of BSF Larvae Reared on Different Substrates for Use in Animal Feeds – Chemical Contaminants

Alex Herbert Msunje — 2025-08-25

The use of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae as a protein source for animal feed is gaining popularity. However, the safety of the larvae and the substrates used for rearing them has not been fully investigated, which is important for economic feasibility. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of BSF larvae and rearing substrates in Kenya by analysing chemical contaminants. To achieve this, the BSF larvae were reared on common production substrates, namely kitchen waste, fruit waste, and brewer's waste, in a Completely Randomised Design (CRD). Chemical contaminants such as cadmium, chromium, thallium, and lead were analysed using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The data obtained were statistically analysed using the R statistical package version 4.0.5 and compared with recommended levels by KEBS, Codex Alimentarius, and the European Union (EU) standards. The study found that the larvae had lower levels of chemical contaminants (0.005±0.001 mg.kg-1 to 0.028±0.006 mg.kg-1) compared to the substrates used (0.008±0.0006 mg.kg-1 to 0.102±0.002 mg.kg-1). The average concentration of lead in BSFL was 0.0192±0.014 mg.kg-1 and 0.0391±0.037 for chromium. Cadmium was the only metal that showed an increase in concentration in the larvae reared on brewery waste (0.028±0.006) compared to larvae on other substrates. Based on the results, the study recommended the use of safe substrates such as kitchen and fruit waste for BSFL rearing.

An Assessment of the Safety of BSF Larvae Reared on Different Substrates for Use in Animal Feeds – Microbial Contaminants

Alex Herbert Msunje — 2025-08-27

The use of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae as a protein source for animal feed is gaining popularity. However, the safety of the larvae and the substrates used for rearing them has not been fully investigated, which is important for economic feasibility. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of BSF larvae and rearing substrates in Kenya by analysing microbial contaminants. To achieve this, the BSF larvae were reared on common production substrates, namely kitchen waste, fruit waste, and brewer's waste, in a Completely Randomised Design (CRD). Microbial analysis was conducted using selective culture-dependent methods to determine the total viable counts of safety indicator microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Salmonella typhi (S. typhi), Escherichia coli (E coli), and Bacillus cereus (B. Cereus) and confirmed using respective biochemical tests. The data obtained were statistically analysed using the R statistical package version 4.0.5 and compared with recommended levels by KEBS, Codex Alimentarius, and the European Union (EU) standards. The microbial analysis revealed that the larvae generally had high microbial loads compared to the substrates, except for B. Cereus, which showed a decrease in counts in BSFL from 203.3±25 CFU/g in substrate to 161.1±18 CFU/g in the larvae on average. The study found low levels of S. typhi in BSFL samples from the brewery (50±10 CFU/g) and fruit waste (60±5 CFU/g) compared to other microbes, but none was detected in larvae from kitchen waste. E. coli, B. Cereus, and S. aureus were present both in the substrates and BSF larvae, but within regulatory limits for edible insect products. Based on the results, the study recommends the use of safe substrates such as kitchen and fruit waste for BSFL rearing.

Socio-Economic Determinants of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices Among Smallholder Farmers in Mwingi West Sub-County, Kitui County, Kenya

David Kawioo Mwanzia — 2025-09-06

Climate change presents a critical challenge to agricultural systems in Kenya’s arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), where smallholder farmers face recurrent droughts, erratic rainfall, and declining productivity. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) offers a potential pathway to enhance resilience, productivity, and sustainability; however, adoption rates remain low in Mwingi West Sub-County, Kitui County. This study investigated the socio-economic determinants influencing the uptake of climate-smart agricultural practices (CSAPs) among 393 smallholder farmers, employing a cross-sectional survey design, multi-stage sampling, and both quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were analysed using chi-square tests and binary logistic regression. Results revealed that education level, household income (farm and off-farm), gender, and proximity to markets significantly and positively influenced CSA adoption, while larger farm size and younger age were negatively associated with uptake. Educated farmers were 4.36 times, and higher-income farmers 4.58 times, more likely to adopt CSAPs compared to their counterparts. Male farmers were 2.34 times more likely to adopt than female farmers, reflecting persistent resource access disparities. Findings underscore the need for targeted interventions that enhance farmer education, expand financial access, integrate gender-responsive extension services, and promote youth engagement in CSA. These measures are critical to strengthening climate resilience and advancing sustainable agricultural development in climate-stressed regions like Mwingi West

Navigating the Enigmas of Unregulated Nomadic Pastoralism on Peasant Farmer Communities

Johnson Ocan — 2025-09-15

This study investigated the profound implications of the roaming pastoral practices of the Balaalo on peasant farming communities in Northern Uganda, particularly the disruptions resulting from their free-range nomadic lifestyles. Employing a qualitative research design, data were collected through questionnaires and subsequently analysed using MAXQDA’s auto-coding, sentiment, and text-based analytical tools. The target population comprised 600 individuals across affected communities, with 400 participants ultimately completing the study. The reduced participation was largely attributed to the contextual challenges of unregulated pastoralism: seasonal cattle movements and recurrent land conflicts caused widespread displacement, insecurity, and mobility, which hindered consistent engagement. Furthermore, subsistence farmers often prioritised urgent survival activities over research commitments, making the final sample both realistic and representative of community realities. Findings reveal that loosely regulated mobile pastoralism exerts a significant strain on agrarian livelihoods. The Balaalo’s patterns of land encroachment and the destruction of farmlands have intensified tensions across the Acoli, Lango, and Madi subregions, with a high potential for replication in other parts of Uganda if left unaddressed. The study underscores the structural consequences of nomadic incursions, including disruption of local farming systems, heightened food insecurity, and increasing vulnerability among subsistence households. These dynamics highlight the urgent need for effective policy interventions to balance pastoral mobility with agrarian land rights. The study acknowledges certain limitations. Because the analysis draws on case studies within four districts, the findings cannot fully capture the breadth of livelihood adjustments or the nuanced belief systems of all affected communities. Nonetheless, the research provides valuable insights into ongoing structural transformations in northern Uganda. This work makes three critical contributions: first, it demonstrates the long-term consequences of unregulated pastoral mobility on smallholder farming systems; second, it highlights the formation of alternative and adaptive livelihood strategies within contested rangelands; and third, it situates these processes within broader debates on poverty reduction and vulnerability mitigation in pastoral–agrarian interfaces. By foregrounding the lived realities of farmers confronting the pressures of roaming pastoralism, the study advances both scholarly and policy dialogues on land use, livelihood security, and sustainable coexistence in Uganda and beyond.

Parity and Homeorhetic Prioritisation in Friesian Cows in 30–day Post-parturient Period in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya

Christopher Kiptoo Murgor — 2025-09-15

The transition period to parturition introduces significant homeorhetic and metabolic challenges that significantly influence the hormone levels, feed intake, body weight and lactational performance of a cow in the immediate post-parturient period. Thus, the study examined how Friesian cows prioritised homeorhetic balance in the first 30 days of post-parturition. Nine Friesian cows whose milk production averaged 20 litres per day were purposively selected from Elso, Elfam and Betan farms, whose farm management practices are standardised and studied on-field. Each cow was fed daily on a 40 kg ration of forage, mineral licks and water ad libitum. The cows were weighed daily, and the quantity of feed intake was determined. Blood samples were collected in the morning after parturition and at 7-day intervals and tested for cortisol, prolactin, oestrogen, and IGF-1 levels. Microsoft Excel and Genstat 14 were used to analyse the data both descriptively and inferentially, using ANOVA and correlations. As cows displayed a negative energy balance (NEB) state in the first 21 days of post-parturiency, feed intake was initially low but gradually increased to match the energy status of the cow. The initial milk yield was low due to NEB and stress, but progressively increased with time as the cortisol levels declined while IGF, prolactin and oestrogen concurrently increased during the 30-day post-parturiency. Feed intake was significantly and negatively correlated to cortisol levels (r = -0.613), but positively correlated to milk yield (r = 0.615), prolactin (r = 0.760), Oestrogen (r = 0.785), and IGF (r = 0.692). The study concluded that a causal linkage existed between feed intake, milk yield and hormonal profile during the 30-day post-parturient period. The study recommends that the nutritional requirements of a dairy cow in the transition to post-parturiency be adequately provided.

The Socio-economic Impact of NAADS Agricultural Driven Initiatives in the Tea Sector in South-Western Uganda (2015 -2025)

Abel Mucunguzi — 2025-09-17

Since its establishment by the Ugandan government in 2001, the National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS) has worked to boost agricultural productivity and enhance livelihoods throughout the nation. The study investigated the socio-economic impact of NAADS’ programs in the tea-growing Greater Bushenyi sub-region of South-Western Uganda. The research evaluated the effect of NAADS support to the tea sector on employment, infrastructure, health, education and economic business development based on survey data and interviews with national and local stakeholders. Emphasis was put on examining how NAADS support led to the development of tea processing industries/SMEs and how such establishments resulted in an employment boost, business development, infrastructure advancement and general community well-being. The study findings have shown that the NAADS agricultural driven initiatives in the tea sector in Greater Bushenyi sub-region of South-western Uganda have greatly contributed to the socio-economic development in many ways including employment of local personnel, road improvement, electric power extension into rural areas, expansion of education and health infrastructure, establishment of new forward and backward economic activities and general improvement of community welfare. However, it was also noted that despite the socio-economic boost as a result of increased tea growing and processing in Greater Bushenyi, a great deal of additional investments and strategic planning is required in order to achieve comprehensive and sustainable socio-economic development from the NAADS agriculture-driven initiatives in the tea sector

Adaptation of Small-Scale Farmers to Climate Change- through Improved Food Production and Security, Rwimi Sub-County, Bunyangabu District, Uganda

Gerald Tumwesigye — 2025-10-02

This study examined the adaptation strategies employed by small-scale farmers in Rwimi Sub-County, Bunyangabu District, Uganda, in response to climate change, and assessed the impact of these strategies on food production and food security. The region has experienced significant climate variability, resulting in a 30% reduction in agricultural productivity over the past ten years, which has severely impacted the livelihoods of those who rely on rain-fed agriculture (Kabarole Research & Resource Centre et al., 2011). The study was prompted by the growing vulnerability of smallholder farmers to climate-related stressors and the scarcity of empirical data on effective adaptation practices within the study area. The study aimed to: (i) evaluate the effects of climate change adaptation on food production and food security; (ii) identify the agricultural adaptation strategies employed by farmers; and (iii) examine the barriers to adopting these strategies. The research is grounded in Action Theory and Socio-Ecological Resilience Theory, which provide a theoretical lens for understanding how individual actions and systemic responses influence adaptation outcomes. The conceptual framework links climate change adaptation strategies with food security, moderated by access to resources, institutional support, and socio-economic conditions. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected from 358 respondents, including farmers, agricultural officers, and local leaders, selected through stratified, purposive, and random sampling. Quantitative data were gathered using structured questionnaires and analysed using SPSS for descriptive statistics and inferential analyses (including regression with R² = 0.72, p < 0.05). Qualitative data from interviews and focus group discussions were analysed thematically to enrich the statistical findings. Results indicate that climate adaptation strategies such as agroforestry, crop diversification, the use of drought-resistant crops, and conservation agriculture have a positive impact on food production and food security. The study contributes to knowledge by filling existing gaps on the localised impacts of adaptation strategies and barriers among smallholder farmers. It recommends targeted interventions, including affordable credit, improved extension services, secure land tenure policies, and access to localised climate information. These findings are relevant for policy-makers, development agencies, and researchers aiming to promote resilient agricultural systems in climate-vulnerable regions.

Farmers' Awareness and Practices of Sorghum-Legume Intercropping in Semi-Arid Regions of Tanzania

Yasintha Fidelis Kiita — 2025-10-14

Low sorghum yield among smallholder farmers undermines food security, income, and farming system sustainability in Tanzania. This study, conducted in Mbabala, Matumbulu, and Mpunguzi wards of Dodoma City, examined farmers’ perceptions, awareness, and practices of sorghum–legume intercropping. The objectives were to assess knowledge of intercropping, preferred legumes, and perceived effects on soil fertility and sorghum yield. A mixed-methods cross-sectional design was used, combining structured questionnaires with Focus Group Discussions and key informant interviews. In total, 243 respondents were surveyed. Data were analysed with SPSS and Past 4.03 using descriptive statistics (frequencies, means, medians, mode, skewness, kurtosis, percentages) and Cochran’s Q test. Findings showed that 84.4% of farmers were aware of sorghum–legume intercropping. Cowpea and groundnut were the most preferred legumes, valued for yield potential (63%) and market demand (20.6%). Cochran’s Q test indicated significant differences in preference (p < 0.001). In practice, 92.6% emphasised improved seed access as critical, yet 80.2% relied on saved seed, with 71.6% satisfied. Satisfaction scores averaged 3.8 (median = 4, skewness = –0.6, kurtosis = 2.1) on a five-point scale, reflecting positive perceptions. Fertiliser use was reported by 72.8% of respondents, while 41.6% applied manure. Sorghum–legume intercropping supports ecological intensification by improving biodiversity, enhancing nitrogen fixation, and lowering dependence on external inputs. Nonetheless, limited adoption of crop rotation and integrated soil fertility management constrains agroecosystem sustainability. The study highlights the importance of agroecology-based interventions in enhancing productivity and resilience among smallholder farmers

Effect of Farmer Field School’s (FFS) Farmer Field Day on the Adoption of Vegetable Production Technologies in Homa-Bay Town Sub-County, Homa-Bay County, Kenya

Charles Odoyo Nyayiera — 2025-10-20

The Farmer Field School (FFS) is a participatory extension approach widely implemented in developing countries and recognised as an effective method for disseminating and adopting agricultural technologies. However, few studies have evaluated the specific contribution of the FFS Farmer Field Day (FFD) component to vegetable production technologies adoption in Homa Bay Town Sub-County, Kenya. This study assessed the effect of the FFS Farmer Field Day on farmers’ adoption of vegetable production technologies. An ex-post-facto research design was used to analyse the influence of FFS Farmer Field Day participation on technology adoption. Primary data were collected from 120 vegetable farmers belonging to 10 FFS groups, while 10 extension officers served as the key informants. Stratified random sampling was applied, and data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used to determine the relationship between FFS Farmer Field Day participation and the adoption of selected vegetable production technologies. The findings revealed that FFS Farmer Field Day participation significantly enhanced the adoption of nursery establishment (97.5%), transplanting (86.8%), compost manure (85.1%), mulching (75.2%), and farmyard manure application (70.2%). The study concludes that the FFS Farmer Field Day is a crucial platform for promoting technology adoption among smallholder vegetable farmers. It recommends that the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development and development partners integrate regular FFS Farmer Field Days into agricultural extension programs to improve knowledge transfer and uptake of sustainable production technologies

The Nexus Between Women’s Access to Training and Household Food Security in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya

Anita Mwende Mutegi — 2025-10-30

Food insecurity continues to pose a significant challenge in Kenya, particularly within the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) such as Tharaka Nithi County. Women’s access to training is widely recognised as a critical determinant of agricultural productivity and household food security, particularly in developing regions. Women are disproportionately affected due to limited access to training services. This study examined how women’s access to training (WAT) influences HFS in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. The study sample comprised 341 women participating in the Uwezo Fund and the Women Enterprise Fund (WEF), across three constituencies: Chuka Igamba Ng’ombe (143), Tharaka (99), and Maara (99). WAT was proxied by an 8-item scale, rated on a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to agree strongly. Household food security had four outcomes, namely: Food accessibility proxied by the 18-item Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), food utilisation and dietary quality proxied by the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) scale, and food coping behaviour under food stress was proxied by a 9-item Coping Strategies Index (CSI). The HDDS and CSI were rated on a 5-point Likert scale from never to always. The HFIAS scale was rescaled into a 4-point food security classification of food secure, mildly food insecure, moderately food insecure, and severely food insecure groups. Data analysis was done using STATA Version 16. All the scales showed a strong internal consistency reliability, with Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients ranging from 0.864 to 0.939. The study adopted a correlational research design to establish how women’s access to training influences household food security. The simple linear regression results revealed that women’s access to training had a positive and statistically significant effect on HDDS, b = 0.097, p =0.025, and CSI, b = 0.089, p = 0.005. Qualitative insights revealed that training enhanced women’s financial literacy, agricultural skills, and household nutrition, better budgeting, production, and meal planning. The study concludes that women’s access to training improves household food utilisation and stability by strengthening knowledge and adaptive capacities rather than directly increasing food access. The study recommends integrating WEF and Uwezo Fund programs with county agricultural extension and local governance frameworks, decentralising training to community levels, tailoring content to women’s needs, and enhancing outreach through local centres and regular field visits to improve participation and sustain household food security in arid and semi-arid regions

Effects of Crop-Livestock Diversification on Household Food Security in Homabay County, Kenya

Dick Chune Midamba — 2025-11-04

Food is the most basic need according to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Thus, food insecurity has been a global concern, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Many organisations have recommended intensive investment in agriculture as a way of boosting food production to reduce the rising levels of food insecurity in SSA nations. This work reviewed the types of crops and livestock that can do well in Homabay county, as well as the effect of crop-livestock diversification on household food security. The study used peer-reviewed literature published in English from literature sources such as Scopus, Web of Science, Research Gate, among others. Data from the selected articles were extracted and analysed to assess the types of crops and livestock in Homabay as well as the effects of crop-livestock diversification on household food security. The study used Microsoft Excel to list the studies based on the topic, publication date, authors, year of publication and key results. The findings showed that food crops such as maize, beans, cassava, cowpeas, sweet potatoes, millet, and sorghum can do well in Homabay County. In addition, cash crops like tomatoes, vegetables, and cotton can also perform well due to the fertile soils and good climate in Homabay County. The findings also showed that crop-livestock diversification boosts household food security by producing more household foods, increasing farmers’ purchasing power for additional foods that are not produced by the farmers, reducing farm risks, nutrient gaps, and overreliance on food imports. The study recommended that farmers should incorporate many crop types and livestock species in their farms. The government can also support farmers through diversification training

The Effect of Concentrate Supplementation to Lactating Toggenburg Dairy Goats on Milk Quality Based on the Milk Fatty Acid Profile

Joseph Ndwiga Kiura — 2025-11-04

Dairy goats are an important source of nutritious milk for humans. Goat milk has nutritional and therapeutic properties beneficial to humans, usually from polyunsaturated fatty acids. The main basal feed for dairy goats in Kenya is Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach), but it is low in nutrients, and, therefore, it needs energy and protein supplementation to enhance milk production. Dairy meal is widely used by most small-scale farmers as the main protein and energy supplement for dairy animals, especially dairy cattle. However, the relevant information on the appropriate amount of dairy meal to supplement the basal diet to feed dairy goats, and the effect of the supplement on beneficial fatty acids in milk, is scarce in Kenya and therefore presents a critical knowledge gap. Therefore, a concentrate with a crude protein content of 160 gkg-1 DM and metabolizable energy content of 10 MJkg-1 DM was constituted to represent a standard dairy meal, and fed to lactating Toggenburg dairy goats fed on Napier grass basal diet, at supplementation levels of 0, 150, 300 and 450 g/goat day-1 in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The basal and total dry matter intake by the goats were 0.864-0.985 and 0.985-1.307 kg DM/goat day-1, respectively, with a milk production of 306.8-476.9 mL/goat day-1. The milk produced had a lower concentration of saturated fatty acids, ω-6: ω-3 ratio, atherogenecity index and thrombogenecity index; and a higher concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids than milk from unsupplemented goats. It was concluded that farmers feed the energy and protein concentrate at 300 g/goat day-1, as it resulted in the highest daily milk production, and the milk produced is healthier for the human consumer.

Unlocking the Quantity of Dioscorea hirtiflora Harvested in Lindi and Mtwara Regions, Tanzania

Magdaline Konk Boniphace — 2025-11-11

This study focused on quantifying the amount of Dioscorea hirtiflora harvested in Lindi and Mtwara regions, Tanzania. Specifically, the study aimed at identifying key stakeholders engaged in the Dioscorea hirtiflora collection, consumption, and trading in the study area, to quantify the amount of Dioscorea hirtiflora collected, consumed, and traded in the study area, and to estimate the income generated through Dioscorea hirtiflora marketing in the study area. The study used a sample size of 160 respondents selected randomly from Mnamba, Madangwa, Hingawali, Nachunyu, Mkunwa, Dihimba, Namayanga, and Pachoto B villages. A structured questionnaire was administered for primary data collection. Secondary data were collected from the District Forest and Agricultural Offices. Data were analysed using R software, version 4.5.0. Qualitative and quantitative variables were analysed. The value of Dioscorea hirtiflora was obtained by multiplying the average market price of each product by its quantity. The average quantity of 1342.109 kg in Lindi and 1732.667 Kg in Mtwara of Dioscorea hirtiflora was collected by the selected households. From the sample of 160, it was estimated that the community earned about (TZS 1,884 275.36) in Mtwara and (TZS1,476,319.9 in Lindi. The study recommends that the government should recognise Dioscorea hirtiflora business in the national income statistics.

Institutional Capital and Agricultural Credit Access: The Critical Role of Cooperatives in the Cashew Sector in Côte d’Ivoire

Vadoua Bamba, PhD — 2025-11-12

Access to agricultural credit remains a major barrier for smallholder farmers in West Africa, limiting their investment capacity and the development of strategic crops such as cashew. This study examines the determinants of credit access for 170 cashew producers in Odienné, Côte d'Ivoire. Using a mixed-methods design, data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression model. A two-stage stratified random sampling was applied based on the Cochran formula to ensure representativeness. The results show that cooperative membership is the key factor (+38.5%), turning collective solidarity into financial creditworthiness. Technical training also improves access (+26.8%), while extension services reduce eligibility (-21.3%) by increasing procedural complexity. Age and gender have no effect, which highlights the cooperative model as conducive to financial inclusion. The findings emphasise the importance of local institutions in compensating for the lack of material collateral. Policy recommendations include creating a cooperative guarantee fund, rationalising support services, and adjusting financial products to the cashew cycle. Overall, cooperatives appear as transformative institutions able to convert solidarity into solvency and provide a reproducible paradigm for informal agricultural economies.

Adoption of Pellet Feeds and Demand for Pelleting Machines Among Poultry Farmers and Feed Producers in Eastern and Northern provinces of Rwanda

Zachee Ntakirutimana — 2025-11-12

Poultry farming is a growing sector in Rwanda, but productivity remains constrained by high feed costs and limited adoption of modern feeding technologies such as pellet feeds. Pellet feeds have become increasingly popular in poultry production because they improve feed efficiency, reduce wastage, and support faster growth compared to mash feeds. In commercial systems, especially broiler production, adoption is very high. Studies indicate that over 90% of broiler diets worldwide are pelleted. Market data also show pellets make up around 40–45% of the global poultry feed market, with regional variations depending on production scale and infrastructure. This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional survey of 135 poultry farmers from the Northern and Eastern provinces, using structured questionnaires to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, poultry management practices, and perceptions toward pellet feeds and pelleting machines. Results show that only 38.8% of farmers currently use pellet feeds, with barriers including misconceptions that pellets are for broilers only (32.4%), lack of availability for layers, limited knowledge, and high costs. Awareness that pellets can be used for layers was low (30.2%), yet willingness to adopt was high, with 93.1% expressing interest in increasing use and 98.3% willing to purchase an affordable small pelleting machine. Logistic regression further showed that layer rearers (AOR = 0.093, 95% CI: 0.026–0.334) and those unaware of pellet suitability (AOR = 0.085, 95% CI: 0.033–0.218) were less likely to use them compared to the broiler rearers and those who are aware of pellet suitability, respectively. These findings highlight critical knowledge and perception gaps that limit pellet feed adoption despite strong interest, suggesting that targeted farmer training, awareness campaigns, and improved access to affordable pelleting equipment are essential to enhance productivity and sustainability in Rwanda’s poultry sector

The Influence of Temperature Difference on Crop Physiological Process: Systematic Growth Analysis of Solanum lycopersicum (Tomatoes) in Both Greenhouse and Open Field

Barnabe Efeta — 2025-11-13

This study investigated the effect of temperature variation on the physiological processes and growth of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) in both greenhouse and open‑field environments. The specific objectives were to (1) quantify weekly temperature differences in greenhouse versus open field, (2) analyse how these temperature differences influence tomato growth stages, and (3) compare growth trends between the two environments. Over the growing season, greenhouse temperatures varied by approximately ±1.0 °C weekly, while open‑field temperatures fluctuated by ±10.2 °C. Temperature influenced all measured growth parameters: for example, greenhouse plants were irrigated five times per day versus once or not at all in the open field. In the germination stage, plant heights ranged from 20 to 38 cm in the greenhouse compared to 12.5 to 24 cm in the open field. Consistent greenhouse temperatures resulted in higher yields, whereas large temperature swings in the open field increased the risk of total crop loss. Controlled environments also reduced pest and disease pressure. The researchers conclude that maintaining a narrow temperature range is critical for optimising tomato physiological processes (photosynthesis, transpiration, nutrient uptake, and pollination). The researchers recommend that farmers adopt greenhouse cultivation to stabilise temperatures, thereby maximising both the quality and quantity of tomato production

Effect of Reduced Strength of Pirimiphos-methyl on the Efficacy of Permethrin in Actellic Super Dust against Storage Pests, Larger Grain Borer (Prostephanus truncatus and Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais)

Brenda Masta — 2025-11-14

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a key staple crop in Kenya used for food, industry, and income generation. However, postharvest losses caused by storage pests such as the larger grain borer (Prostephanus truncatus) and maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) pose a major threat to household food security. Control of these pests largely depends on Actellic-based insecticides, but continuous use of the same active ingredients has led to reduced efficacy and resistance. This study evaluated the synergistic effect of pirimiphos-methyl on the efficacy of permethrin in Actellic Super Dust against resistant field strains of P. truncatus and S. zeamais from different regions in eastern Kenya. Bioassays were conducted by exposing insects to treated maize grains containing varying concentrations (1.1–1.6%) of Pirimiphos-methyl combined with 0.3% permethrin for 24 and 72 hours. Mortality and knockdown effects were recorded and analysed using ANOVA. Results showed that S. zeamais remained susceptible to Actellic Super Dust, achieving ≥95% mortality even at 1.1% Pirimiphos-methyl. In contrast, P. truncatus field strains exhibited reduced susceptibility compared to the laboratory strain, requiring ≥1.5% Pirimiphos-methyl and a 72-hour exposure period for satisfactory control. The findings indicate that Pirimiphos-methyl enhances the efficacy of permethrin in Actellic Super Dust, but maintaining a concentration of at least 1.5% is critical for effective management of resistant P. truncatus populations. Regular quality checks and bioassays are recommended to ensure consistent product performance and early detection of resistance