Livelihood Resilience Strategies to Climate Variability among Pastoralists in Longido District, Tanzania
الملخص
This paper assessed the livelihood strategies practiced by Maasai pastoralists in Longido District, Tanzania, with a focus on their resilience to climate variability. The main question it sought to address was: How resilient are the livelihood strategies of Maasai pastoralists in response to climate change and variability? The study employed Holling's resilience theory and the DFID Livelihood Framework. A mixed-methods design, specifically a convergent parallel design, was used. A multistage sampling technique was employed, starting with the purposive selection of wards, followed by villages, and finally a simple random sampling of 373 households for the survey. Additionally, 21 key informants, including traditional leaders, ward and village leaders, NGO officials, and livestock officers, were purposively selected. Data collected through interviews, observations, and focus group discussions were analysed qualitatively, while data from questionnaires were analysed quantitatively using IBM SPSS (version 22). A chi-square test was applied to assess associations between variables. The findings revealed that key strategies such as mobility, communal pooling, casual labour, and livestock management were employed. Education and income sources also played a significant role in shaping resilience strategies, with households that had higher levels of education being more likely to adopt reliable resilience strategies. The main challenge faced by Maasai pastoralists in building climate resilience strategies was increased climate variability, particularly in the form of frequent droughts and unreliable rainfall. This paper recommends enhancing support for these communities by integrating their traditional strategies with technical innovations to promote sustainable livelihoods
التنزيلات
المراجع
Agrawal, A. (2008). The role of local institutions in adaptation to climate change. International Forestry Resources and Institutions Program, School of Natural Resources and Environment. University of Michigan
Aldunce, P., Bórquez, R., Adler, C., Blanco, G., & Garreaud, R. (2016). Unpacking resilience for adaptation: Incorporating practitioners’ experiences through a transdisciplinary approach to the case of drought in Chile. Sustainability, 8(9), 905.
Anyamba, A., Chretien, J. P., Britch, S. C., Soebiyanto, R. P., Small, J. L., Jepsen, R., ... & Linthicum, K. J. (2019). Global disease outbreaks associated with the 2015–2016 El Niño event. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1930.
Ayal, D. Y., Radeny, M., Desta, S., & Gebru, G. (2018). Climate variability, perceptions of pastoralists and their adaptation strategies: Implications for livestock system and diseases in Borana zone. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 10(4), 596-615.
Behnke, R. H. (2019). Fenced and open-range ranching: the commercialization of pastoral land and livestock in Africa. Livestock Development in Sub-saharan Africa (pp. 261-284). CRC Press.
Bett, P. E., Martin, G. M., Dunstone, N., Scaife, A. A., Thornton, H. E., & Li, C. (2021). Seasonal rainfall forecasts for the Yangtze River basin in the extreme summer of 2020. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 38(12), 2212-2220.
Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., Davey, L., & Jenkinson, E. (2023). Doing reflexive thematic analysis. In A. McLeod, A. L. Smith, & A. Z. E. Quinn (Eds.), Supporting research in counselling and psychotherapy: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research (pp. 19-38). Springer International Publishing.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). Sage publications.
Fetters, M. D., Curry, L. A., & Creswell, J. W. (2013). Achieving integration in mixed methods designs—principles and practices. Health services research, 48(6pt2), 2134-2156.
Filho, W., Wu, Y. C. J., Brandli, L. L., Avila, L. V., Azeiteiro, U. M., Caeiro, S., & Madruga, L. R. D. R. G. (2017). Identifying and overcoming obstacles to the implementation of sustainable development at universities. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 14(1), 93-108.
Godde, C. M., Mason-D’Croz, D., Mayberry, D. E., Thornton, P. K., & Herrero, M. (2021). Impacts of climate change on the livestock food supply chain; a review of the evidence. Global food security, 28, 100488.
Gray, D. E. (2018). Doing research in the real world (4th ed.). Sage publications.
Herrero, M., Addison, J., Bedelian, C., Carabine, E., Havlík, P., Henderson, B., ... & Thornton, P. K. (2016). Climate change and pastoralism: impacts, consequences and adaptation. Rev Sci Tech, 35(2), 417-433.
IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2.
IPCC (2018). Global Warming of 1.50C: IPCC Special Report on Impacts of Global Warming of 1.50C above Pre-industrial Levels in the Context of Strengthening Responses to Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940
IPCC, (2023). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report, Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
Islam, M. T., & Nursey-Bray, M. (2017). Adaptation to climate change in agriculture in Bangladesh: The role of formal institutions. Journal of environmental management, 200, 347-358.
Joseph, L., & Kaswamila, A. (2017). Mainstreaming Impacts of Climatic Change Affecting Pastoralists in Semi-Arid Rangelands of Longido District, Northern Tanzan Laurent, ia. International Journal of Modern Social Sciences, 6(1), 103-111.
Kitasho, N., Abdallah, J. M., & Zakayo, R. (2020). Adaptive capacity to climate change of pastoralists in Kilosa District, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 89(1), 25-46.
Mahonge, C., Mwilawa, A., Ngendello, M., & Mtambuki, A. (2014). Policies Issues for Enhancing Pastoralists’ Resilience to Climate Variability Versus Reality in Longido District Tanzania. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(12), 47-61.
Maleko, D. D., & Koipapi, M. L. (2015). Opportunities and constraints for overcoming dry season livestock feed shortages in communal semi-arid rangelands of Northern Tanzania: A case of Longido District. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 27(4), 1-9.
Nderumaki, V., Mkanda, F. X., & Saria, J. (2016). Comparison of Food Insecurity among Agro-Pastoralists and Pastoralists Communities in Pastoral-Livelihood Zone of Longido District, Tanzania. Journal of Food Security, 4(1), 18-26.
Ntali, Y. M., Lyimo, J. G., & Dakyaga, F. (2023). Trends, impacts, and local responses to drought stress in Diamare Division, Northern Cameroon. World Development Sustainability, 2, 100040.
Opiyo, F., Wasonga, O., Nyangito, M., Schilling, J., & Munang, R. (2015). Drought adaptation and coping strategies among the Turkana pastoralists of northern Kenya. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 6, 295-309.
Snaibi, W., Mezrhab, A., Sy, O., & Morton, J. F. (2021). Perception and adaptation of pastoralists to climate variability and change in Morocco's arid rangelands. Heliyon, 7(11), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08434
Thornton, P., Nelson, G., Mayberry, D., & Herrero, M. (2021). Increases in extreme heat stress in domesticated livestock species during the twenty‐first century. Global Change Biology, 27(22), 5762-5772.
Wainwright, C. M., Finney, D. L., Kilavi, M., Black, E., & Marsham, J. H. (2021). Extreme rainfall in East Africa, October 2019–January 2020 and context under future climate change. Weather, 76(1), 26-31.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). Sage publications.
Zampaligré, N., Dossa, L. H., & Schlecht, E. (2014). Climate change and variability: perception and adaptation strategies of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists across different zones of Burkina Faso. Regional environmental change, 14, 769-783.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2024 Thaddeus Aloyce Lekule, Donald Anthony Mwiturubani
هذا العمل مرخص حسب الرخصة Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
